allow that at one time his legitimate income was
15,800l. I do not think I shall be asserting too
much if I say that he must have spent the odd 5,800l.
in living and keeping up his establishment-the
"small court" at Houghton. Houghton was
begun in 1722, and was thirteen years building,
and 10,000l. X13=130,000l.

Will any sane man who has seen the enormous
pile, with its marble parlours and magnificent
ornamentation (one door alone is said to have cost
1,000l.), its stone hall (a cube of forty feet), its
extraordinary furniture, and its unequalled col-
lection of pictures (which alone sold for 40,000l.),
its splendid antiques (for one bronze 5,000l. was
refused), believe that all this and all the land which
was added to the comparatively small patrimonial
estate were paid for out of this 130,000l., or
anything approximately approaching that sum?

Four historical problems, still await solution. Who was Robin Hood? Who They are these. was Junius? Who was the Man in the Iron Mask? How did Walpole get his wealth? The last of these problems has already baffled a ParliaIf MR. HENRY SPENCER mentary Committee. WALPOLE can solve it he will earn the gratitude of historians. Apparently he is in the secret, since he tells that the theory generally accepted by the wicked world "is too ridiculous to need any exposure." Naturally the author of the famous saying, "Every man has his price," is not supposed to have been himself the sole exception to the rule.

T.

SANDRO BOTTICELLI: TRANSLATION (7th S. iv. 165). The paragraph to which MR. JAMES calls attention is, of course, a ludicrous mistranslation. Is mine a new statement? Was it not in 1712 There is a curious misconception afloat concerning resolved by a majority of the House that Sir R. translation, as there was a few years ago concernWalpole had been guilty of "notorious corruption ";ing teaching-that it is an easy matter. People and was not the specific charge of selling commissions also made against him? Did not a Committee of the House, years later, in a report charge him with grants of fraudulent contracts and peculation?

It is all very well to say that the accusations were made out of political spite. Political feelings run as high now as then; but no one suggests nowadays that a Gladstone or a Beaconsfield plays with dirty money, and we all know well enough they have not built palaces to which Buckingham Palace is a shabby villa.

However, the subject is a wide one, and would take up too much of 'N. & Q.' to argue it here. I had, before MR. WALPOLE's article appeared, offered to go into the question of Sir R. Walpole's honesty at length in the columns of the Historical Review, but he has preferred to take the easier course of attacking me on some unimportant slips, which I may, in justice to myself, say arose from the fact that I was in bed, recovering from rheumatic fever, when I dictated the book, and had not the opportunity of turning up authorities as I should otherwise have done.

I may be allowed a word or two as to the reason for MR. WALPOLE's violent attack on my accuracy. So long ago as 1873, in vol. i. of the Norfolk Antiquarian Miscellany, I published a long analysis of the earlier pedigree of Walpole, when I think I may say I demolished the apocryphal nonsense about it which appears in the peerages; and later on I included the Walpole family in my series of articles on 'Doubtful Norfolk Pedigrees.' Now, after long years, a member of the injured family, smarting under a scarified pedigree, has his revenge, and, after a microscopic examination of my little book, is highly delighted to pick a hole or two in it. WALTER RYE

Putney.

who had broken down at everything else were
thought capable of making a living by teaching:
in these days of laborious examinations it is found
And in reality a translator
to be far otherwise.
needs to be a cleverer man than an original writer.
(1) He needs to have more ideas, and (2) a greater
command of language. (1) In writing a book a
man need not touch any subject with which he is
not conversant; but a translator must not only
know all about the subject of the book he under-
takes to translate, but he must possess an infinite
stock of general information which will carry him
through any vagary into which his author chooses
to deviate. (2) In writing a book a man has only
to express his own ideas; but in translating he
must be familiar with the idioms of several lan-
guages, so as not to be led astray by miscon-
struction of any expression or allusion his author
introduces. Without all this he is sure to flounder
into absurdity at some time or other. This, how-
ever, only with reference to the general question
of translation; I know nothing of the particular
instance cited.

The passage in question runs as follows in the original (it occurs at p. 168):

"Der Künstler, der ein reiches, inneres Leben führte; mit Dante vertraut war, darauf sich begeistert dem Humanismus in die Arme warf, und zuletzt als eifriger Anhänger Savonarola's endigte."

"Mit

The author is clearly speaking of no mute, inglorious Dante, but of the Alighieri himself. He describes three phases of thought through which he considers that Botticelli passed. Dante vertraut" might have been rendered "intimate with Dante"; the sense is rendered with a brevity quite pardonable in so comprehensive a work, but of course it means that, "judging from his works, the author considers that at one time of his life Botticelli was deeply imbued with and

influenced by the mind of Dante, as known by Florentine tradition and by his writings." All this is expressed in "intimate with Dante" as well as by" mit Dante vertraut "; but "the friend of Dante" entirely falsifies the sense.

The translator has evidently not at all known what to make of Botticelli's (alleged) second phase of thought, and so translates that away altogether. R. H. BUSK. 16, Montagu Street, Portman Square.

plexion was remarkable; but more so the searchWhether ing power of his fine grey-blue eyes. Carlile's exposure of the mysteries of Freemasonry was genuine I do not know. But I know he had a wholesome hatred of pretended mysteries, and was a consistent opponent of all secret societies, as founded upon the ignorance and credulity of the many to subserve the ambition and vanity of the few. The effigy exhibition had nothing to do with the Reform Bill or the bishops' opposition thereto; though certainly the bishops were never so unpopular as at the time (1830-5) referred to. It was, "if memory serves," a manifestation in consequence, as MR. HYDE CLARKE has said, of a distraint for church rates. The figures were not merely two, but three-a bishop, a tax-gatherer, and the devil, his Satanic majesty being, I think, in the centre of the group. I do not remember that the figures were hung-I think they were placed against the windows-a question quite immaterial. When, as a parishioner, Carlile was required to make " an Easter offering," he made his contribution in the shape of what he termed a good book." Whether the (then) reigning incumbent of St. Dunstan's put the same estimate on the book may be questioned. When some of his goods and chattels were seized for church rates, he revenged himself by exhibiting, "as large as life," in the Guy Fawkes style, a bishop, a taxMr. B. D. Cousins, gatherer, and the devil. printer, who occupied the corner of Great Wild Street, Lincoln's Inn, the premises where Benjamin Franklin had worked as a journeyman printer, made a similar exhibition on a similar occasion, to the great delight of the dingy denizens of that not very select or salubrious locality.

SAPPHO (7th S. iv. 169).-The song on the rose has been preserved for us by Achilles Tatius, in the beginning of the second book of his Romance on the Loves of Clitophon and Leucippe. The damsel, after singing Homer's description of the combat between the lion and boar (Iliad,' xvi. 823-826), treats the guests to a song of a gentler sort, the praises of the rose. This is given divested of metrical form and without mention of the Some of the earlier editors of the Greek lyrists-Stephens, Commelin, and others— ascribed it to Sappho, and Wolf inserted it in his edition of her works, London, 1733. Later scholars,"" however, Blomfield, Classical Museum,' vol. i., and Bergck, Lyrici Græci,' 1843, exclude it from their collections of the works, or rather fragments, of Sappho, and apparently with good reason.

author's name.

W. E. BUCKLEY.

CHILLINGWORTH'S MONUMENT AT CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL (7th S. iv. 161).-The following passage helps to complete the account. Dr. John Patrick, brother of the bishop, was the "Cbantor" of Chichester, and issued some of Chillingworth's writings in 1687:

"Seeing the monument of that great man was defaced, and almost ruined in the times of confusion; at his own

proper cost and charge he re-edified it again. The inscription on which, being omitted by the late writer of his life, I have reserved for the Appendix."-Bp. Patrick's 'Autobiog.,' 1839, p. 240.

Unfortunately the manuscript is a fragment, and the appendix is wanting.

W. C. B.

RICHARD CARLILE (7th S. iii. 228, 317, 373, 464). -References to public events and historical characters should be as accurate as possible. I see the misnomer "Carlisle" has been corrected. DR. GATTY'S memory has misled him as to Carlile's being "a small bookseller's shop." On the contrary, it was a roomy, handsome shop, with two windows, the shelves well stocked with "freethought" literature; and all the works issuing from the corner of Bouverie Street were of firstclass paper and typography, and high priced. It is amusing to note that DR. GATTY regarded Carlile as "a monster." Although my recollections are also those of a (then) " boy," I can vouch that Carlile was of gentlemanly presence, and no more a monster" in appearance than any dignitary of the Church of England. The pallor of his com

I would not have troubled N. & Q.' with these trivial particulars, but that it is necessary to correct a strange error into which JAYDEE has fallen. He says (p. 373), "Carlile's paper, the Republican, advocated the wildest doctrines, which were put into practice at a riotous meeting in Cold bath Fields in 1833."

Whatever the doctrines of the Republican, that paper had ceased to appear long before 1833. It had been succeeded by the Lion, the Prompter, and other publications. In 1833 Carlile was an inmate of the Giltspur Street Compter, and his then weekly periodical was the Gauntlet. The meeting referred to was convened by the Committee of the National Union of the Working Classes, with whom Carlile had no connexion and no sympathy. Reference to the Gauntlet would show that Carlile was hostile to the meeting and treated its promoters with contempt. If the meeting was "riotous," it was not in consequence of any doctrines of Carlile, nor of any speeches uttered by the leaders of the meeting. I speak of what I know and very well remember. It was the first political meeting I attended-of course, only as one

of the crowd. The "riotous" work was absolutely that of the police, whose brutal and unprovoked attack was avenged by the killing of one of the assailants and the wounding of one or two more. That defensive act received the approval and endorsement of a coroner's jury, in the memorable verdict of "Justifiable homicide." Carlile, though he had condemned the meeting, or rather the convening of it, as an act of folly, yet applauded that verdict, as did multitudes who shared not his views nor those of the promoters of the meeting. JAYDEE'S representation of the incident is a travesty of the truth of history-though, for the matter of that, history itself, as generally compiled, is a mere travesty of the truth. GEO. JULIAN HARNEY. Cambridge, Mass, U.S.

ALTARAGE (7th S. iv. 49, 172).-Thanks to various correspondents, but I knew what there was about Altarage in the ordinary books of reference. My query referred to the expression "de panno altaragio." I suppose we must understand "clothaltarage," some payment made by way of altarage on newly-woven cloth. Leland tells us that Ripon "stood much by clothing." J. T. F.

Winterton, Doncaster.

I think that the reference must be to "holy bread" rents, i.e., rents of land set apart to provide bread for the communion. I have noted three instances in Sussex records. Several small plots of land called Holybrades (about two acres together) are found in Rustington (xiv. 'Suss. Arch. Coll.,' 155-6). Holybredeland is mentioned in Northeye Manor in Battle Abbey Records (cit. xix. 'Suss. Arch. Coll.,' 13), and Holybread Plotts in a terrier of South Bersted in 1625 (Dallaway, 'History of the Rape of Chichester,' p. 45).

sense as in English, "Les lieux circonvoisins."
Banlieue is used for an outlying district within
the jurisdiction of a city or town, from the Ban
seigneurial, equivalent to our manorial rights.
In Italian suburb is sobborgo; environs, contorni,
vicinanza. In German suburb is Vorstadt, exactly
equivalent to Fr. faubourg; environs= Umgebung,
or Umliegende Gegend. It will be seen that in all
these cases there is an essential difference made
between the immediate dependencies of a city and
the comprehensive district surrounding it. This
difference is generally well understood in English.
In speaking of the metropolis there may be some
difficulty arising from its vastness and the in-
sensible way in which the town merges into the
country. Still there must be a limit somewhere.
include all the districts within a central jurisdic-
The suburbs in the modern sense would naturally
tion, such as the Metropolitan Police Act or the
think of calling Croydon or Watford suburbs of
Metropolitan Board of Works; but no one would
Environs they undoubtedly are.
London, except in a vague metaphorical sense.
J. A. PICTON.

Sandyknowe, Wavertree.

words suburbs and environs has been produced, for Probably no very accurate definition of the the reason that the districts so named are indefinite in extent and constantly changing in character;

but I take it that the relation of the two terms

to each other is exactly the opposite of that described by MR. R. F. GARDINER. There can surely be no doubt that environs is the larger term, and suburbs the lesser. The suburbs of a city are the roads outside the walls leading into the country, and the environs are the country districts them

Thus the environs of one age become the suburbs of another. Hampstead is now in the suburbs, and Windsor in the environs, but not so very long ago Hampstead was in the environs. Twenty miles is usually chosen as the limit for the circle of the environs of London. This is the limit of Dodsley and of Thorne; but the compiler of the Ambulator' fixed on twenty-five miles as the extent of the environs.

selves. FREDERICK E. SAWYER, F.S.A. SUBURBS AND ENVIRONS (7th S. iii. 516; iv. 236). -Although in loose conversation these words are frequently interchanged, there is an obvious and plain distinction between them in their derivation and use; but it is just the reverse of that put forth by MR. GARDINER. Suburb, Lat. suburbium, is sub-urbe. Ancient cities were usually situated on an eminence, and surrounded by walls. Any buildings outside were literally sub urbe, and were usually of an inferior class. This could only apply to premises immediately contiguous. It is well described as "an outlying part of a city or town." Environs in Latin is expressed by circumjacens or circumjecta, frequently employed by Tacitus, e. g., "circumjecta oppida," "circumjectæ civitates," &c. This, of course, embraces a wider circumference. The distinction is preserved in most, if not in all languages. In French suburbe as a substantive does not exist, though we have the adjective suburbain. Its place is supplied by faubourg, from the Low Latin foris burgum, "outside the borough." Environs is used in the same

HENRY B. WHEATLEY.

THE ANTI-GALLICAN SOCIETY (7th S. iv. 67, 151).-I am able to supply some information (of an earlier date than your correspondents G. F. R. B. and MR. MARSHALL) which may, perhaps, be of service to A. H. H. M. In the Daily Advertiser of Nov. 30, 1749, appears the following advertisement :

"To the Anti-Gallicans.-Gentlemen, You have now an opportunity of doing your Country a considerable Piece of Service, and you are from the Nature of your on you, and we hope you will not be contented with Society peculiarly call'd upon to it. All Eyes are fixed refusing to drink claret, and wear French Lace, while the French are endeavouring to gain a Settlement in your

not known in literature as the name of "a person or a place in Wales," though "Fluellen" is a character in Shakspere's 'Henry V.' R. D.

Capitol. You cannot I presume be ignorant, Gentle- The "next" station is not Fluelen. "Fluelen" is men, with what Insolence our Countrymen, who in 1719 made a like attempt at Paris, were treated by that Bully Nation. I hope what the boasted Politeness of the French would never permit, the honest free Spirit of the English will never submit to; and you Gentlemen particularly must be sensible how much farther the Infection is like to spread by the Establishment of a French Company among us. You are very numerous and have the Hearts and may on occasion have the Hands too of the People with you; therefore exert yourselves and you will crush in their Infancy this Brood of Vipers in the Bosom of your Country. Dare; and the Spirit of those English Heroes, the Conquerors of France, who still live on our Stage, inspire you.'

At this period the Anti-Gallicans appear to have had their headquarters at Ratcliff Cross, and visits from the various branches of this "Laudable Association" to the Grand Association there were duly chronicled. As was very usual in those days, the success of any of the almost innumerable societies and clubs then in vogue led to imitations; and the Master Peruke Makers had many a merry meeting at divers public-houses about this time under the style of the Anti-Gallic Hicks, whereat one cannot doubt that the intruding French perruquiers were finely hauled over the coals. I have some later information on the subject, too lengthy for the pages of N. & Q.,' but which is very much at the service of A. H. H. M., with whom I should like to correspond.

Richmond-on-Thames.

J. ELIOT HODGKIN.

FLUELEN (7th S. iv. 149).-This well-known place-name, familiar to all Swiss tourists, can scarcely be traced to Wales. The name Flue is not uncommon in Switzerland, and seems most likely to be derived from the Teutonic Flüh, a rock. It is curious, however, that, like many other places in Switzerland, Flüelen has also an Italian name, Fiora, which would seem to connect it with flowers. The valley of the Reuss is, indeed, remarkable for the variety and beauty of its flora.

J. MASKELL.

MR. BIRCH'S "Goschen" probably refers to
"Göschenen." "Fluelen," properly"Flüelen,"
"Fiora," but why is doubtful. Flüelen may have
was formerly written "Flühlen"; and in Italian
the last part of its name from an old appellation of
the Reuss, which falls into Lake Uri. By-the-by,
"Flüe" is the name of a Dorf near Bâle, and of an
old Schloss in the Valais, from which the family
Von der Flüe had its name. In the Swiss dialect
"flue" is rendered "kahlu felson," "felson-
absturz."
R. S. CHARNOCK.

«Flüelen."
Of course the correct spelling of this town is
But what amused me much in
"Goschen."
reading MR. BIRCH'S query was the word
alludes is named "Göschenen "; and on emerging
The place to which ME. BIRCH
from the tunnel I hope he partook of the excellent
midday meal which is always awaiting one at the
buffet of that station. Neither the one name nor
the other has anything to do with Wales or the

Bible.

EDWARD R. VYVYAN.

WALLET (7th S. iii. 346, 461; iv. 78, 155).—This word occurs in Baret's Alvearie, or Quadruple Dictionarie' (1580), but without any attempt at definition. The writer merely gives the cross reference "Vide Bagge."

ROBERT F. GARDINER.

SCOTTISH PROVERB IN 'DON JUAN,' "CAW 58; xii. 358).-None of your correspondents who ME, CAW THEE (6th S. x. 266, 315, 472; xi. 33, have discussed this proverb seems to have been fully aware of the origin of the lines quoted from 'Don Juan' (canto xi. stanza 78) :—

And where is" Fum" the Fourth, our "royal bird,"
Gone down, it seems, to Scotland, to be fiddled
Unto by Sawney's violin we have heard:
"Caw me, caw thee "-for six months had been hatching
This scene of royal itch and loyal scratching.
Now in the Brighton Pavilion, as will be seen from
Brighton guide-books (1820 to 1840), "the Fum,
ceiling of the staircase at the north end of the main
the Chinese bird of royalty," was represented on the
corridor, then called the Chinese gallery. The female
of this bird was said to be called the "hoam."

came to know of the "Fum," but lately Mr. F. J.
I had long puzzled over the question how Byron
Combes, of Adderley Park Free Library, Birming-
ham, sent me an extract from 'The Fudge Family
in Paris, edited by Thomas Brown (Moore) the
younger, third edit., London, 12mo., 1818, which
seems to clear up the matter, and I suppose was
first published in the Morning Chronicle. It is
entitled 'Fum and Hum, two Birds of Royalty,'
and commences thus:—

the other (of Devon') the type being entirely
different, as well as the printers' names.
former was printed for C. Cooke, No. 17, Pater-
noster Row, by G. Brimmer, Water Lane, Fleet
Street," while the latter bears the imprint,
"Printed by Assignment from the Executors of
the late C. Cooke," and the printer's names are
Barnard & Farley, Skinner Street, London."

In that Palace or China-shop (Brighton, which is it?)
Where Fum had just come to pay Hum a short visit.
Near akin the Birds though they differ in nations
(The breed of the Hums is as old as creation).
Both full craw'd legitimates-both Birds of prey,
Both cackling and ravenous creatures half way
Twixt the goose and the vulture, like Lord C-stl-gh, &e."
FREDERICK E. SAWYER, F.S.A.