MODERNISM IN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy To-day: Essays on Recent Developments in the Field of Philosophy. Collected and Edited by Prof. E. L. SCHAUB. (18s. Open Court Publishing Co.)

There was a time, not long ago, when the study of philosophy, as encouraged in universities, meant the study of the history of philosophic thought, as enshrined in the systems of the great philosophers of all ages and climes. Any one who remembers that discipline, probably remembers also his doubts whether any man's philosophy could really be understood apart from his life, his personality, and also his nationality. If philosophy is at all adequately described as" what a man does with his solitude," we must know the man if we want to understand his struggles with the deep problems of existence. Furthermore, there is truth in Gentile's extreme view that there is no true science which is not national. Hence the importance of the new way exemplified by this book-the way which gets the best out of the older philosophers by attacking the old problems with modern equipment, and by comparing the results obtained by thinkers who speak different tongues and react to different environments. How the essays comprised in this volume came together we need not here relate. That they did come together is due to the enterprise of Prof. Schaub, of the North-Western University, U.S.A.

The essays which deal with the contemporary philosophy of English-speaking countries, and of French and Germanspeaking countries, occupy five-sixths of the volume. The contemporary philosophies of Russia, of the Scandinavian countries, and of South America, are more briefly described. The editor has to apologize for unforeseen circumstances which disrupted arrangements that were considered made for accounts of present Italian philosophy. It is perhaps

the more interesting to an English reader that the essays on philosophy in English-speaking countries are all written by Americans. We may add that full appreciation of the work of English philosophers is evident in every essay. The term "philosophy" is widely interpreted. Besides metaphysical topics, the survey includes ethics, psychology, history of philosophy, and, in the French-speaking section, pedagogical tendencies," by Prof. Ed. an essay on Claparède, of Geneva. So highly composite a production, a large proportion consisting of translations, naturally exhibits considerable differences in style as well as in value; but on the whole the student of recent philosophic tendencies, even though he profess no more than a general interest in some of the topics dealt with, will be glad to possess this volume.

THE ART OF THE HISTORIAN

History and Historical Research. By C. G. CRUMP. (5s. net. Routledge.)

All who are acquainted with Mr. Crump's brilliant if illusive essay on "The Logic of History" will open this more extensive dissertation with a confident expectation of both pleasure and enlightenment. They will not be disappointed. This larger work displays on a bigger scale than its predecessor the same qualities of wide scholarship, sound judgment, keen insight, and fine literary style. It also manifests, we are bound to confess, the defects which made "The Logic of History" an essay singularly difficult to comprehend, viz. a disinclination on the part of the writer to say a plain thing plainly, a tendency to run away on side issues, a lack of proportion and of clearness of outline apparently due to an absence of a sharply-formulated plan. Nevertheless, in spite of these drawbacks, Mr. Crump's new book is so full of wisdom expressed in language of distinction and charm that it should be placed in the hands of all students of history who, having laid the

Mr. Crump treats of five main discusses the proper mental attitud investigator. Whilst warning him aga of partisanship and the intellectual t fact with inference therefrom, he tel

complete impartiality and objectivity

able nor desirable. He urges him, on t his mind work freely on its own natu prime requirements in a researcher, b one hand, a wide and well-ordered sto ledge, and, on the other hand, a mind capable of discerning the significance alert to observe relations.

The second topic with which Mr. C discovery of a subject." On this ma illuminating. After enunciating certai appropriate subjects in general, he sti the subject should find the student ratl the subject. He contends that the for the student to choose the spher wishes to make researches, and then tensive study until at last a subject fo hold of him imperatively.

The third question discussed is materials" printed and unprinted. U Mr. Crump has wise and interesting concerning bibliographies and librar the important art of skimming. Unde gives the student sound advice out c knowledge of the Public Record Office

The last two sections treat respectiv problems relating to the making of structing of a connected disquisition give us an insight into Mr. Crump's o and enable us to understand how it learning and grace, his writings lack u Mr. Crump advises students to compo not as a whole but fragment by fragme each fragment without consulting the based. He thinks that six hundred wo average rate of composition!

It is not, however, necessary to a Mr. Crump says to receive benefit from and stimulating volume. It is a joy to with wit and epigram; it displays a r vocabulary.

LITERARY CRITIC

(I) A Lecture on Lectures. Introdu Sir A. QUILLER Couch ("Q.") Tragedy: in Relation to Aristotle' LUCAS. (3s. 6d. net.) (3) Stua By Prof. A. NICOLL. (3S. 6d. net ment of English Biography. By H. net. Hogarth Lectures, Nos. 1, 2 Press.)

If the new Hogarth Series is often t No. 2, it will be a valuable addition to literary criticism, and it will do much sity teaching of the subject within the readers who are unable to take a ( training.

Lord Morley once said that the imn to what Aristotle really meant by his Poetics" about tragedy accomplishi our minds by pity and terror was the human intelligence." Mr. Lucas, r this contemptuous censure, considers more, and argues that purgation,"

on

graduate. Hence he was compelled, however reluctantly, to popularize his researches and to present in simple and readily-intelligible form the results of his extensive reading and profound investigation. Hence these admirable lectures on "The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians.”

The number of lectures here given is fifteen, instead of the twenty which might have been expected. The period covered is roughly A.D. 250-650, instead of the six centuries (to 850) required to complete the survey. Nevertheless, the material here presented with consummate precision and in admirable literary style is of inestimable value as a summary of the results of Prof. Bury's life-time of research and investigation. It treats of the Germans and their wanderings; describes the gradual Germanization of the Roman Empire; tells the story of the great invasion, and traces the process by which the invaders settled down and accommodated themselves to their new Roman environment. The last lecture contains a detailed study of the Lombard Law. Although it is a matter of profound regret that Prof. Bury's course was not continued so as to include Charles the Great and the institution of the Latin-Teutonic Holy Roman Empire, we have cause to be profoundly thankful that this masterly survey of the four centuries of the great transition from ancient to medieval history has been preserved for posthumous publication.

GAMES AND ATHLETICS

Rugger. By W. W. WAKEFIELD and H. P. MARSHALL. (15s. net. Longmans.)

It is common knowledge that the expert practical exponent of a game is not always the most successful when expounding his views to others, and for this reason we always open a new book by an acknowledged authority with a certain amount of misgiving. In the present instance, however, we must confess that our doubts were entirely misplaced, for it has seldom been our lot to read a volume on a particular game with more interest than this book on Rugby. The authors are well known to that section of the public which follows the game, and are to be congratulated on producing a volume which is highly instructive and at the same time provides pleasant reading. The autobiographical sketch by Mr. Wakefield will prove particularly interesting to those who have taken an interest in club and international matches during the past fifteen years, for it deals in a breezy and pleasantly critical manner with all the noted clubs and players of the day, and, at the same time, furnishes the reader with interesting descriptions of tactics employed by such famous teams as the All Blacks and South Africans. The chapter on Players and Personalities I have Met" brings the reader into personal contact with rugger celebrities whom he has known hitherto only from a distance. In a chapter entitled “The Spirit of the Game," Mr. Wakefield's sentiments may, perhaps, not achieve popular support. Rugby is war, though it is friendly and controlled war," he suggests, and Rugby gives an outlet for our primitive instinct of the love of a good fight. We believe he is right, but we know many people who would hold up their hands in horror at such an antimodern expression of opinion.

Part II of the book contains a complete description of the game in all its aspects, and deals with all important details from the selection of equipment to the intricacies of team tactics. To the expert many points of discussion will arise, for it is customary to oppose any new ideas when they are first mooted, and the authors, realizing this, are at great pains in the introductory chapter, to point out that at every stage of the game there is a tendency to regard tactics as having achieved their final form, yet each succeeding generation produces some new manoeuvre which in time becomes a stock-in-trade of every team. We should endeavour to get away from that sluggish state of mind which suggests that what was good enough for our fathers should be good enough for us. The beginner,

The Epinomis of Plato.

Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by J. HARWARD. (5s. net. Clarendon Press.) The "Epinomis " of Plato is not one of his greatest dialogues, but by the consensus of scholars it is now admitted to be a genuinely Platonic work and the cumulative effect of Mr. Harward's arguments, both from the evidence of style and from that of context, in the long introduction (seventy-five pages) to the present translation, seems to us to be irrefutable. No doubt many will find the astronomical theology of the dialogue somewhat visionary, but though one may sympathize with that attitude of mind, it is only right, if the dialogue is authentic, that the Greekless reader should have an opportunity of reading it if only as a corrective of his views about Plato derived from other dialogues. Mr. Harward has not only done his work as a translator well, but also he has given considerable help towards a proper understanding of a by no means simple dialogue both in his notes and in the analysis of the work with which his introduction begins.

Plato and Aristotle. By Prof. J. A. K. THOMSON. (6d. Benn.) To any one who is interested to know how and why Plato and Aristotle were both men of importance in the Greek world, we strongly recommend this little account by Prof. Thomson. Rarely have we read so successful and so readable an account as has here been compressed within eighty pages. The Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius. Book III. Edited, with Introduction and Commentary, by Dr. M. M. GILLIES. (15s. net. Cambridge University Press.)

The story of Jason and Medea has always been the most attractive part of Apollonius' long epic, for its romantic quality, the real merits of the execution, and its influence on Virgil. It is quite a suitable book for reading in school when once familiarity with Homeric language has been acquired. The Cambridge Press has already provided a small school edition, and now Mr. Gillies, who is Lecturer in Classics at University College, Hull, has produced a large commentary for more advanced scholars. The notes are numerous and might, we think, have been shortened considerably without any loss. Parallel passages and suggestions that Apollonius may have had this or that passage of Homer in mind are really of very little use to a scholar, while meanings and translations are often given which a proper use of the dictionary could easily supply. The introduction contains an interesting sketch of Alexandrian culture. Pindar's treatment of the story in the Fourth Pythian might have received more consideration. In the bibliography Mr. Seaton's edition of the text of Apollonius Rhodius published by the Clarendon Press has been omitted

Birds and Beasts of the Greek Anthology. By N. DOUGLAS. (7s. 6d. net. Chapman & Hall.)

This is a very plausible, and no doubt successful, attempt to identify the numerous beasts and birds of the Greek Anthology. Mr. Norman Douglas has a wide if dilettante acquaintance with classical literature, but what equips him even better for his present task is his intimate knowledge of the Mediterranean lands. His book is not one to read through on end, but should be placed on one's shelves next to the Greek Anthology for convenient reference. Then if in tracking down some elusive fowl of the air one comes across a long description of Mr. Douglas's pet recipe for cooking a saddle of wild boar, so much the better. The Oxford Book of Medieval Latin Verse. Chosen by S. GASElee. (8s. 6d. net. India Paper, IOS. net. Clarendon Press.) This latest of the Oxford books of verse contains over a hundred pieces from all nationalities in medieval Latin. Mr. Gaselee has provided just that modicum of notes which is necessary to make them easily intelligible to one whose Latin is merely classical. In his brief historical introduction he says that his endeavour has been to include not the best but the most characteristic poems. Possibly this is why one looks in vain for that wonderful dialogue between the Virgin and the Cross beginning Croix de te volo conqueri. But no anthologist can please every one, and Mr. Gaselee has really made an excellent selection in a peculiarly difficult field.

(1) Greek History for Young Readers. By ALICE ZIMMERN. New Edition. (5s. Longmans.)

(2) Hellas: The Forerunner. By H. W. HOUSEHOLD. Volume Two. The Glory Fades. (3s. 6d. net. Dent.) Here are two good books dealing with the history and culture of Greece. Mrs. Zimmern's is the more purely historical of the two and will be found admirably adapted for fourth forms

[the title does not mean that it is only for small children]. Since its first publication over twenty years ago, the excavations of Sir Arthur Evans in Crete have so enlarged our knowledge of early Greece that the first chapter has had to be entirely rewritten in the light of that knowledge. The whole makes enjoyable and facile reading, and the book is profusely and aptly illustrated. Mr. Household follows the same principles as guided him in his first volume, and succeeds by skilful quotation of English translations of Greek authors in making the Greeks themselves tell us in their own way a tremendous amount about Greek culture. We can imagine nothing better than this work either for the young student who is just beginning to feel the charm of Greek things, or for the general English reader of culture who wants to know what it is that his culture owes to Greece. The Pirates, and Three Other Latin Plays on Caesar's Life. By H. MATTINGLY. (2s. 6d. Methuen.)

This is something of a rara avis in school books. Mr. Harold Mattingly has composed four original Latin plays-" Sulla," Piratae," Catilina," and "Caesar "--with considerable skill in colloquial Latin. Had he only consulted somebody with practical experience as a teacher he might have produced something of inestimable value to the profession. But as it is his four plays are too difficult for the young reader, though of undoubted interest to the fairly advanced student. We trust that he will yet write something in colloquial Latin of use in the elementary stages of teaching Latin.

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The Suasoriae of Seneca the Elder: Introductory Essay, Text, Translation, and Explanatory Notes, being the Liber Suasoriarum of the Work Entitled IL. Annaei Senecae Oratorum et Rhetorum Sententiae, Divisiones, Colores." By Dr. W. A. EDWARD. (12s. 6d. net. Cambridge University Press.)

Scholars will be very grateful for this real contribution to classical literature. The elder Seneca has been undeservedly neglected by most English scholars, but Dr. Edward has now made full amends by this exhaustive and scholarly edition. There is the text of the seven suasoriae followed by an excellent translation into English to which are appended most comprehensive notes. But perhaps the most grateful part of the work is the attitude of Dr. Edward in his voluminous prolegomena. This vindicates once for all the position in Latin literature to which the elder Seneca is entitled. Those who have been dissatisfied with such disparaging remarks as Prof. Simcox made in his history of Latin literature, will read with satisfaction the more scholarly and just appraisement which Dr. Edward makes of his author.

Aspects of Roman Life. By R. C. MARTIN. (2s. 6d. Mills & Boon.)

The Shorter Iliad (Books I-XII.) Selected and Arranged by H. H. HARDY. (4s. 6d. Bell.)

Readings from Caesar. The Gallic War Books, I-III. Edited by A. DUTHIE. (Is. 6d. Harrap.)

Xenophon. Anabasis III and IV : Partly in the Original and Partly in Translation. Edited by S. A. HANDFORD. (3s. 6d. Clarendon Press.)

Cicero and Antony: Selections from the Philippics and the Letters of Cicero. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary, by G. TURBERVILLE. (Is. 9d. Clarendon Press.) Key to Latin Prose Composition for Juniors. By C. F. C. LETTS and G. M. JACKSON. (48. 6d. Čambridge University Press.) Junior Latin Tests. By Dr. J. M. MILNE. (IS. Harrap.)

The Iceland Fisherman (Pêcheur D'Islande). By PIERRE LOTI. Translated from the French by W. P. BAINES. Japan (Madame Chrysanthème). By PIERRE LOTI. Translated from the French by LAURA ENSOR. Egypt (La Mort de Philae). By PIERRE LOTI. Translated from the French by W. P. BAINES. (6s. net each. Werner Laurie.)

The translations of the library edition" of Pierre Loti are remarkably well executed, and the price of this reissue is very moderate. The works themselves are of varying merit, and do not all deserve immortality; but "Pêcheur d'Islande" retains its fragrance after all the imitations it has inspired. It is a pity that no indication is given of the dates of composition. When conditions change so rapidly as they have been changing in Egypt of late years, the precise date of the author's visit becomes of considerable importance.

English Literary Prose in the Making: A Collection of Extracts of the Period 1350-1830, Illustrating the Chief Stages in the Development of Prose Style. Compiled, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, by Dr. CONSTANCE BULLOCK. (3s. Harrap.)

Miss Bullock's handbook supplies a real want for the study of English literature in the highest forms of secondary schools-a collection of extracts specially made to illustrate the evolution of English prose style since the fourteenth century, and its adaptation to varied uses. The extracts are interesting in themselves, and followed by suitable exercises.

More Essays of To-day: An Anthology. Selected by F. H.

PRITCHARD. (2s. 6d. Harrap.)

A second delightful collection of modern essays with something for every mood. The suffering scholar who thinks of the English essay as an instrument of torture invented by Addison and his kind for the bemusement of First School Examination candidates would change his mind after reading "Home for the Holidays" or "The Apotheosis of Dough" or Mr. Herbert's "Art of Drawing."

A Book of Words: Selections from Speeches and Addresses Delivered Between 1906 and 1927. By R. KIPLING. (7s. 6d. net. Macmillan.)

The subjects of these addresses are as diverse as the occasions on which, and the places at which, they were severally delivered. A Royal Academy dinner, the Canadian Club at Toronto, Middlesex Hospital, Wellington College, Edinburgh and Strasbourg universities, the Sorbonne, St. Andrews, Rio de Janeiro, La Bassée-these are some of the places at which the words here collected were first spoken. They are as unlike most speeches on public occasions as words well can be, for they are literature as truly as anything within Mr. Kipling's published works. And in them their author has earned for himself the fine encomium which he bestows upon Lord Balfour as wise in life and a Master not ignorant of the power of words." Third Leaders: Reprinted from "The Times." (7s. 6d. net.

Arnold.)

" a man

The Third (or sometimes Fourth) Leaders of The Times are justly famous. A selection of them published thirteen years ago was well received, in the schools as elsewhere, and as there has assuredly been no falling-off in quality in the meantime, it is safe to predict an equally favourable reception for this second batch, especially as it has the advantage of a witty introduction by Prof. Gordon.

A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. By Dr.

O. JESPERSEN. Part III. Syntax. Second Volume. (14S. net. Allen & Unwin.)

Dr. Jespersen continues to lay all English-speaking people under obligations by the astonishing industry and masterly acumen with which he conducts his researches into their language. The third instalment of his great grammar contains over 400 pages closely packed with illustrative quotations, largely from contemporary authors such as Galsworthy and W. J. Locke. As a storehouse of current idioms the book is unsurpassed, though it is well that readers should bear in mind the author's warning that it is not his business to decide what is pure English, but merely to register the actual facts of usage. In spite of this caution, Dr. Jespersen's influence as the champion of "relativity in grammar is enormous, and it needs to be countered, or at least modified, by that conservative instinct which is fostered by a study of great literature.

comprehensive and well-graded course h pupil help and varied practice in accu passages chosen for this purpose are a the systematic teaching of composition. Sign-Posts: a Reader for Schools. Com

(5s. Benn.)

This reader-the price of which m ordinary schools-is intended for boys contents, falling under four headings-Вс and Fishes; Things of Beauty and Powerand Malory to Masefield. The most account of Liverpool Cathedral, abridge Thomas Becket: From "Historical Mer

By Dean STANLEY. Arranged by (Is. Nelson.)

Trojans, Greeks, and Romans: Reprin Fable." By T. BULFINCH. (IS. Nels Pip's First Expectations: Taken from th Expectations." By CHARLES DICKEN M. GREEN. (Is. Nelson.)

Three attractive additions to the series. Dean Stanley's "Becket" make a survey of many aspects of English his of Fable" with its plentiful illustrations ductions to a study of "Trojans, Greek needs no introduction, and in ending w the village this episode gives the most de Expectations.”

Reconsiderations: Literary Essays. By E net. Cambridge University Press.) Everyday Classics. Primer. (25.)

F

By Prof. FANNIE W. DUNN, Pro
Prof. A. H. THORNDIKE. Second
Prof. F. T. BAKER, Prof. A. H. THO
BATCHELDER. Third Reader, wit
Reading. (2s. 6d.) Fourth Reader
Exercises. (2s. 8d.) Fifth Reader. (
(3s.) Seventh Reader: American i
Grammar Grades and Junior High
Reader: The Introduction to Literatur
BAKER and Prof. A. H. THOR:
Macmillan.)

The Birth of Romance: From Euphue
Romantics and Pastorals. Selecte
Notes, and Tables, by R. B. JOHN
The Bodley Head.)

Some Little Tales: From Steele, Addison of Newcastle, Congreve, and Farquh Introduction, by R. B. JOHNSON. Bodley Head.)

Spanish Short Stories of the Sixteenth Cen Translations. Revised, with an I TREND. (Cloth, 2s. net. Leather University Press.)

Mary Schweidler, the Amber Witch. By lated from the German by Lady 1 2s. net. Leather, 3s. 6d. net. Oxfo More Stories and How to Tell Them.

(3s. 6d. net. University of London Pattern Prose. Part II. A Study of the St The Four Chief Forms of Prose Com R. WILSON. (Dent.)

Through Beds of Stone: a Novel. By M
net. Macmillan.)
Arthur, Flower of Kings. Compiled and
LOMAX. (IS. 9d. Nelson.)
The Flying Indians: Taken from

The

Peter Wilkins." By R. PALTOCK. Intelligence Exercises in English. By Oxford University Press.)

The Dreaming God. The Dangerous Isle Hunger. By B. CAREY. Popular each. Constable.)

England in Johnson's Day. By M. DORO Methuen.)

The Tutorial History of English Literatı Fourth Edition. (4s. University Ti English Prose Style. By H. READ. (gs. The Marquette Readers. By the Sisters