have enclofed them, to fecure their harvest, that all land has ceased to be common to all, and that a property in the foil has been established. Until focieties have been established, and until the public ftrength, or the laws, becoming fuperior to the force of individuals, has been able to guarantee to every one the tranquil.poff.fion of his property, against all invafion from without, the property in a field could only be fecured as it had been acquir ed, and by continuing to cultivate it; he could not have been affured of having his field cultivated by the help of another perfon; and that perfon tak ing all the trouble, could not easily have comprehended that the whole harveft did not belong to him. On the other hand, in this early age, when every induftrious man would find as much land as he wanted, he would not be tempted to labour for another, It neceffarily follows, that every proprietor must cultivate his own field or abandon it. 10. Progress of fecity: all lands come to have an owner. But the land begins to people, and to be cleared more and more. The belt lands are in procefs of time fully Occupied. There remains only for thofe who come laft, nothing but barren land, rejected by the first occupant but at last, every per has found a maiter; and those who can not gain a property therein, have no other refource but to exchange the labour of their hands in fome of the employments of the ftipendiary claf, for the excels of commodities poff.f fed by the cul ivating proprietor. $11. The proprietors begin to be abe to ease themselves of the labour of cultivat on, by the help of hired culti zators. Mein time, fince the earth produces to the proprietor who cultivates at, not a fubfittence only; not only wherewith to procure hintelf by way of exchange, what he otherwife wants, but also a confiderable fuperfluity; he is enabled, with this fuperfluity, to pay other men to cultivate his land. And among those who live by wages, as many are content to labour in this employment as in any other. The proprietor, therefore, might then be ealed of the labour of culture, and he foon was fo. § 12. Inequality in the divifion of property: "caufes which render that inevitable. The original proprietors would (as I have already mentioned) occupy as much land as their ftrength would permit them to cultivate with their families A man of greater ftrength, more laborious, more attentive about the future, would occupy more than a man of a contrary character. He, whofe family is the most numerous, having greater wants and more hands, extends his poffeflions furtheft; this is the first caufe of inequality.-Every piece of ground is not equally fertile; two men with the fame extent of land, may reap a very different harvelt ; this is a fecond fource of inequalityProperty in defcending from tathers to their children, divides into greater or lefs portions, acording as the defcendants are more or lefs numerous. As one generation fucceeds another, fometimes the inheritances again subdivide, and fometimes re-unite again by the extinction of fome of the branches; this is a third fource of inequality. The difference of knowledge, of activity, and, above all, the economy of fome, contrafted with the indolence, inaction, and diffipation of others, is a fourth principle of inequality, and the most powerful of all; the negligent and inattentive proprie tor, who cultivates badly, who in a fruitful year confumes in frivolous things the whole of his fuperfluity, finds himself reduced on the least accdent to request affiftance from his more provident neighbour, and to live by borrowing. If by any new accident, or by a continuation of his negligence, he finds himself not in a condition to repaye §. 13. Confequences of this inequality: The cultivator diftinguished from the proprietor. Thus is the property in the foil made fubject to purchase and fale. The portion of the diffipating or unfortunate increafes the fhare of the more happy or wifer proprietor; and in this infinite variety of poffeffions, it is not poffible but a great number of proprietors muft poffefs more than they can cultivate. Befides, it is very natural for a rich man to with for a tranquil enjoyment of his property, and instead of employing his whole time in toilfome labour, he rather prefers giving a part of his fuperfluity to people to work for him. 14. Divifion of the produce between the cultivator aud the proprietor. Net produce, or revenue. By this new arrangement, the produce of the land divides into two parts. The one comprehends the fubfiftence and the profits of the hufbandman, which are the reward for his labour, and the condition on which he agrees to cultivate the field of the proprietor. The other which remains, is that independent and difpofable part, which the earth produces as a free gift to him who cultivates it, over and above what he has difburfed, and wages for his trouble; and it is out of this fhare of the proprietor's, or what is called the revenue, that he is enabled to live without labour, and which he can carry where he will. f. 15. A new divifion of feciety into three claffes, Cultivators, Artificers, and proprietors, or the productive ftipendiary and difpofable claffes. We now behold fociety divided in to three branches; the clafs of hul bandmen, whom we may denominate cultivators; the clafs of artificers and others, who work for hire up in the productions of the earth; and the clafs of proprietors, the only one which, not being confined by a want of fupport to a particular fpecies of labour, may. be employed in the general fervice of fociety, as for war, and the adminiftration of justice, either by a perfonal fervice, or by the payment of a part of their revenue, with which the ftate may hire others to fill these employments. The appellation which fuits the beft with this divifion, for this reafon, is that of the disposable class: §. 16. Refemblance between the two laborious, or not difpofable claffes. The two claffes of cultivators and artificers, resemble each other in many refpects, and particularly that thofe who compofe them do not poffefs any revenue, and both equally fublitt or the wages which are paid them on the productions of the earth. Both have alfo this circumftance in common, thật they only gain the price of their labour and their difburfements, and that this price is nearly the fame in the two claffes. The proprietor agreeing with thofe who cultivate his ground to pay them as fmall a part as poffible of its produce, in the fame manner as he bargains with the fhoemaker to purchafe his fhoes as cheap as he can. Ia a word, neither the cultivator nor the artificer receive more than a bare recompenfe for their labour.. 8. 17. Effential difference between the two laharious claffes. But there is this difference between the two fpecies of labour; that the work of the cultivator produces not only his own wages, but also that revenue which ferves to pay all the different claffes of artificers, and other ftipendiaries their falaries; that is to fay, their parts of the productions of the earth, in exchange for their la bour, and which does not produce an revenue. The proprietor enjoys nothing but by the labour of the cultiva tor. He receives from him his fubfiftence, and wherewith to pay for the Jabour of the other ftipendiaries. He bas need of the cultivator by the necefity arifing from the phyfica! order of things, by which neceffity the earth is not fruitful without labour; but the cultivator has no need of the proprietor but by virtue of human conventions, and of thofe civil laws which have guaranteed to the fift cultivators and their heirs, the property in the lands they had occupid, even after they had ceafed to cultivate them. But thefe laws can only fecure to the idle man, that part of the production of his land which it produces beyond the retribution due to the cultivators. The cultivator, confined as he is, to the ftipend for his labour, ftill preferves that natural and phyfical prio. rity which renders him the first mover of the whole machine of fociety, and which caufes both the fubfiftence and wealth of the proprietor, and the fa laries paid for every other fpecies of labour, to depend on his induftry.— The artificer, on the contrary, receives his wages either of the proprietor of of the cultivator, and only gives them in exchange for his work, an equival lent for his flipend, and nothing more. Thus, akhought the cultivator and artificer, neither of them gain more than a recompenfe for their toil, yet the labour of the cultivator produces befides that recompenfe, a revenue to the proprietor, while the artificer does not produce any revenue either for himself or others. Abridged Review of New Publicationi: Cider, a Poem, in two Books. By able addition to the stores of domestic John Philips. With hores provin- literature. We understand that Mr cial, hiftorical, and claffical, by Danfter, who, by the fpecimen be Charles Durfter. 890. 45. Beards. gave in tranflating the Frogs of Ari-Cadell. 1791. ftophanes, led us to with that he would favour the public with an entire version of his works, is the author of this pleafing commentary. TH HE propriety of the prefent at tempt, which the editor in his advertisement endeavours to eftablift, is certainly not to be queftioned. A century has nearly elapfed fince the first publication of Philips' Cyder A poem of that era, particularly one of a didactic kind, on a provincial fubject, must require explanatory notes. The notes are written with tafte and accuracy: and we doubt not but that the modern defcendants of the Ariconian knights will be well pleafed at this farther expansion of their forefathers' renown, and the Silurian bard's poetical reputation. Their a tility in elucidating a provincial fub ject, will, we truth, not only prove grateful to his countrymen, but to ders in general, and make a defir 2. The American Oracle, comprehend ing on account of recent Difcuerits in the Arts and Sciences, with a darity of religious, political, phyfical and philofophical fubjetts, necessary to be known in all families, for the promotion of their prefent felicity and future happiness. By the Honourable Samuel Stearns, L.L.D. 800. 8s. 6d. Boards. Lackington, 1791. Ir is difficult to convey an ade. quate idea of this work: philofophy is combined with medicine, morals with hiftory; religion with politics; and the whole together is a farrago, containing not only, quicquid agunt homites, homines,' but quicquid egerunt; quicquid agi debuiffent.' Why it was called the American Oracle we know not. As books are fearce in Ameri ca, as diftant carriage is expenfive, Dr Stearns probably wished to preclude every other author, by combining in one volume a little of every fcience, fome inftruction on every fubject, and fome amulement in every fituation, Our author is, at times, whimsical and fanciful; a few errors have occafionally crept in; but, in general, his morality is unexceptionable, and his philofophy, when he does not attempt to explore untrodden tracts, correct and judicious. Of the pactical reafoning of this philofopher take the following fpeci mens: The Mighty God hath all the fyftems made What wondrous works the Great Supreme hath laid Again, . In feventeen hundred eighty-eight, I fat I found her hairs were ftiff'ned with the cold: Is it not strange, that it doth break its bands! I form'd a new hypothesis indeed! I turn'd my thoughts upon that gloomy night, 3 R VOL. XIV. No. 84. M May not, faid I, the vapours here and there When they into a proper ftare are roll'd, Of breezy currents, or of gentle gales?' 3. Travels through Barbary, in a Series of Letters, written from the Ancient Numidia, in the Years 1785 and 1786; and containing an Account of the Cuftoms and Manners of the Moors and Bedouin Arabs. Tranflated from the French of the Abbé Poiret. 12mo. pp. 346. 2s. 6d. Boards. Forsteṛ. taking rudenels for fimplicity; the par. ticularifing and dwelling on circumftances which are too mean to be noticed; and the confequent lengthening of the ftory till it becomes weak and uninteresting. The author is often pretty, frequently beautiful, but feldom fublime his defcription delights, but never aftonishes: he animates his reader to joy, but does not exalt him into rapture: he foothes him to forrow, but does not deprefs him into defpair: his mufe exerts herself rather to analyfe, than to combine the thews the most brillant fragments, but fails to produce a finished whole. THE Abbé Poiret vifited the inhoftable defers of Barbary, chiefly for the purpose of improving the fcience of natural history; but, at the fame time, he made many obfervations on the countries through which he paffed, and on the manners of the inhabitants; the refult of which is communicated to the public, in a work written in French, in two volumes octavo. From this 5. the tranflator, omitting the botanical parts, has extracted a small volume of entertaining narrative. 4. Poems by the Author of the Village Curate, and Adriano. Svo. pp. 254, 45. fewed. Johnfor." THE author of thefe poems has fhewn, by his former productions, that he can write well; nay, he has given ample proofs of it in the prefent performances: but he has likewife proved that he can write ill. We learn, from the preface, that our poet had been advised not to pubith the pieces before us, leaft they might detract from the reputation that he had already acquired. The advice was friendly. We do not, how ever, wifh that the poems had been fuppreffed; but they certainly fhould have been amended. The faults which are chiefly reprebenfible in this volume, are, the mif In a letter addreffed to the Rev. Mr Walker, in Norwich, our female poet gives the following account of herfelt : I was born at Norwich, in the parish of All Saints, in November, 1767, and was the only child of my parents. My father's name was Daniel Bentley, by trade a journeyman cordwainer; who, having received a good education himself, took upon him to teach me reading and spelling, but never gave me the leaft idea of grammar. Being naturally fond of reading, I ufed to employ my leifure hours with fuch books as were in the hoofe; which were chiefly a fpelling-book, fable-book, dictionary, and books of arithmetic; and with fuch little pamphlets as I could borrow of my neighbours. When I was about ten years of |