7. An obfervatory, or watch-tower, is made on the east turret of the Caftle, where a person is to attend every morn ing at day-break during the winter feafon, to look out if any fhip be in diftrefs. 8. Mafters and commanders of fhips or vessels in distress, are defired to make fuch fignals as are usually made by people in their melancholy fituation. ASSISTANCE, STORES, and PROVISIONS, prepared at Bambrough Caftle, for Seamen, Ships, or Veffels, wrecked or driven afhore on that Coaft or Neighbourhood. 1. Rooms and beds are prepared for feamen, fhip-wrecked, who will be maintained in the Caftle for a week for longeraccording to circumftances,) and during that time be found with all manner of neceffaries. 2. Cellars for wine, and other liquors from fhip-wrecked veffels, in which they are to be depofited for one year, in order to be claimed by the proper owners. 3. A ftore-house ready for the reception of wrecked goods, cables, rigging, and iron. A book is kept for entering all kinds of timber and ther wrecked goods, giving the marks and description of each, with the date when they came on fhore. 4. Four pair of fcrews for raifing fhips that are ftranded, in order to their being repaired. Timber, blocks, and tackles, handfpikes, cables, ropes, pumps, and iron, ready for the ufe of fhip-wrecked veffels. N. B. But, iftaken away, to be paid for at prime-coft. 5. A pair of chains, with large rings ing fhips (of a thoufand tons burden,) and fwivels, made on purpose for weighthat are funk upon rocks, or in deep water. N. B. These chains are to be lent (gratis) to any perfon having occafion for them, within forty or fifty miles along the coaft, on giving proper fecus rity to re-deliver them to the trustees. 7. Two mooring chains, of differ ent lengths, are provided, which may occafionally be joined together, when a greater length is required. 8. Whenever any dead bodies até caft on fhore, coffins, &c. will be provided gratis, and also the funeral expences paid, Eftimate of the Medium Temperature of different Degrees of Latitude, from at tual Obfervations. FAT ATHER COTTE of the Oratory has published, in the Journal de Phyfique, a table of the medium heat in 177 different places, from the line to the 60th degree of North latitude, afcertained by actual observation. This table fhews the medium heat of each month at every place, and the medium heat of the whole year. It is meant as a fupplement to M. Kirwan's eftimate of the temperature of different degrees of latitude. The whole takes up about 16 pages in 4to, and is therefore improper for a work of this kind; but perhaps a few extracts from it, of the heat of the principal places, may be thought curious. P. Corte makes ufe of Reaumur's thermometer, but as Fahrenheit's is the common one in this country, we have, with a good deal of care, fubstituted the correfponding degrees in this latter thermometer. The places are arranged in the order of their latitude. Names From his tables, P. Cotte draws the Following constiaries: 1. That heat diminishes as you recede from the equator towards the Poles. 2. That this diminution is fubject, in certain latitudes, to confiderable anomalies which cannot be calculated; because, f, they are occafioned by the nature of the climate; thus, a part of N. America, which is in the fame Jatitude with Italy and the fouthern departments of France, is, notwithStanding, colder than thofe countries in which the medium heat is much greater. 2nd, Thefe anomalies depend on local fituation: thus the temperature of a mountain is colder than that of a plain a moit country, covered with wood and untilled, is colder than one in a dry fi uation, open and well cultivated: cold is lefs intenfe in the neighbourhood of the Tea than in places fituated far in land. 3. That it is therefore impoffible to cftablish an exact comparifon be, tween the degrees of heat drawn from a theory founded on the difference of latitudes, and thofe refulting from actual obfervation. 4. That even the comparison between the temperature of two countries from actual obfervation will never be accurate, unless the obfervations have been made in the fame years, and with inftruments that may be compared together: and even fuppofing thefe two conditions complied with, very great differences may be oc3 D YOL. XIV. No. 83. cafioned in one country by accidental meteors, fuch as fhowers of hail, or a tempeft, when no fuch accidents have taken place in the other. 5. That the last column of the preceding tables (that which contains the medium heat of the year) fhews that heat diminishes in proportion as the fun becomes more oblique, and that the central heat has very little effect on the diminution of the medium heat. 6. That the extremes of heat and cold are greater in proportion as you recede from the equator: thus in fummer the thermometer rifes almost as high, and fometimes higher, between the 50th and 60th degree of latitude, than it does under the line; while in winter, in thefe high latitudes, the li quor is conftantly under the freezing point during two or three months fucceffively, and not unfrequently defcends 33° or more below Zero. [We may here remark the most extraordinary inftance of equality in the temperature of a country to be found in Father Cotte's Tables. At Surinam, the difference between the medium heat of January when it is leaft, and of October when it is higheft, does not amount to two degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer.] 7. That the climates of France and England, and a part of Germany, are leat expofed to thofe extremes of heat and cold, which render other climates infupportable. 8. at the tranfition from heat to cold, in September and November, is more fu den than that from cold tọ heat, from March to May. Laftly; That the heat increafes at firit flowly, and afterwards more quickly, from January to May; after which it proceeds with lefs celerity in July: its diminution becomes more fenfible in Auguft and September; it is at its maximum in October and November; goes on flowly from Novem ber to December, and arrives at its minimum in December and January. Account 394 Account of an Effay in Dutch, by the late Peter Camper, on the natural differ ence of Features in perfons of varicus countries and ages; and on Beauty, as exhibited in ancient Sculpture and Engravings. Publifhed by his Son. THE late Profefor Camper was well known as a perfon of an enlarged mind and accurate judgment; rich in ideas, and indefatigable in fcrutinizing their truth, by repeated experiments, before he admitted them as principles. He has also frequently manifefted a folicitude to apply his profeffional knowledge, as an anatomift, to the ufeful or elegant purposes of life. His differtations on the pernicious effects of that female harness, called fays, and on the form of shoes, prove the firft of these affertions; and the treatife before us demonftrates the laft. The profeffed object of this pub. lication is to prove that the principal rules laid down by the most celebrated painters and limners, are very defective; that they neither enable the ftudent to delineate national characterif tics in the countenance, nor to imitate the beauties of ancient feulptors and artists. He contends that the obfervations of the Abbé Winckelman, concerning ideal beauty, are not well founded; and he profeffes to have difcovered, in what that fpecies of beauty really confifts. It is in confequence of the imperfection of rules, he obferves, that men of eminence have been fo defective in their por traits of national characters; thus, in the paintings of De Wit, the chief fignature of a Jew is a long beard; and Guido Reni, C. Marat, Rubens, and others, have given no other characteristic of Moors, than a black complexion. He denies the propriety of making either the oval, as is the most common method, or the triangle, as fome artists have propofed, as the foundation of portraits to be taken in profile; and he propofes more certain principles in their place. Such are the general outlines of the work. In an introductory chap ter, the Profeffor gives us the history of his difcoveries; and traces the procefs by which he was firft tempted to doubt the fufficiency of the principles already propofed, and by which he was afterward led to the discovery of more certain data. He fays that, in copying after the best models of the great mafters, and others, he observed a very great difference between the countenances expreffed in them, and in the faces delineated by the moderns, with, out being able to afcertain in what particulars fo remarkable a difference confifted; and that, in employing the oval and triangle, according to the rules ufually established, in modeling, painting, or drawings from life, he found it not only difficult, but impoffible, to finish a head to advantage, He farther obferves, that, in copying after the prints of Raphael, Pouffin, Titian, and Pietro Tefta, he was much more fatisfied than with the fineft pieces of Rubens or Van Dyck, in which the principles cftab! fhed by Albert Durer, and the imperfection of the oval, are very confpicuous. By frequently modelling in clay, after the molt beautiful antique heads, the Profeffor discovered that Alb. Durer, viewing the object with both his eyes, had made them all too broad; and alfo that a painter, in order to fucceed, muft not only be practifed in drawing, but alfo in modelling, that he may obtain just ideas of the real appearance of objects of every kind. A knowledge of optics is also requifite; as the Profeffor attempted to demonstrate in an inaugural differtation published in 1746, on the conftruction of the eye, and on the laws of vilion. He tells us, moreover, that when he was appointed Profeffor of Anatomy in the public college at Amfterdam, he was more firmly convinced, in his descrip |