The Origins of the Royal Arms of England: Their Development to 1199

A.R. Wagner Adam-Even adopted Ambroise Angevin Anglo-Norman Aquitaine armorial bearings arms of England associative devices banners battle Bayeux Tapestry bore Brault Campdaveine Chapter Chrétien de Troyes Chronicle Coat of Arms colour Count of Anjou Count of Flanders Count of St counterseal Crusade depicted Earl Early Blazon emblems English evidence example father feudal fleur de lys Galbreath Gerald of Wales Guillaume le Maréchal Gules Henry II Henry's heraldry Histoire de Guillaume Historia Howden Itinerary John king of England knights leopards lion device lions passant guardant lions shield London Manuel du Blason Matthew Paris Medieval Norman Orderic Vitalis Oxford Philip d'Alsace Pipe Roll recognised reign Richard Roger of Howden Rolls Series royal arms Royal Heraldry shield device single lion rampant St Pol Stenton Stephen three lions passant tournament Tristan twelfth century usages héraldiques vol.i vols Paris vols Rolls Series Wace William of Malmesbury William of Poitiers