The Origins of the Royal Arms of England: Their Development to 1199

adopted Ages Anjou appear armorial bearings associated banners battle beasts became become bore brother Chapter charged Chronicle closely Coat of Arms colour consistent contemporary Count of Anjou Count of St Crusade death decoration depicted described distinctive Duke Earl early emblems English evidence example facing fact father feudal France Geoffrey Henry Henry II Henry's heraldic heraldry hereditary History Howden illd important inheritance Itinerary John king of England knights known lands later leopards lion device lion rampant lions passant guardant London lord Matthew Paris means Medieval Norman Normandy origins Oxford Paris particularly perhaps period permission Philip probably recognised references reflected reign Richard Rolls royal arms royal standard seal shield device Society sons standard Stephen suggested three lions tournament true twelfth century vols Wagner William young