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The West-Indies, Spain, and Portugal, are the principal markets for Indian corn and meal.

The other articles of vegetable food, exported from the United States, are rye, oats, peas, beans, potatoes, &c. These, however, constitute but a small part of the value of their exports. Most of the rye in the United States is used for bread, or is made into spirits, at home. The distillation of grain has, within a few years, increased very rapidly in this country. In 1801, the quantity of spirits, distilled from grain and fruit, was estimated at ten millions of gallons. By the returns of the marshals, giving an account of the manufactures of the several states, in 1810, it appears that the quantity distilled during that year, from grain and fruit, exceeded twenty millions of gallons. Much the greatest part of this, probably more than three quarters, was from grain. It is calculated, that a bushel of rye, or corn, will produce from two and a half to three gallons of spirits. In 1810, therefore, between five and six millions of bushels of rye and corn must have been made into spirits. In Pennsylvania alone, in that year, there were three thousand three hundred and thirty-four distilleries, producing no less than six million five hundred fiftytwo thousand two hundred and eighty-four gallons of spirits, principally from grain. The whole, or nearly the whole, of this is consumed in the United States. When we add to this the quantity distilled in this country from molasses, and that which is imported and consumed here, we find the annual consumption of spirits in the United States amounting to thirty-one million seven hundred twenty

five thousand four hundred and seventeen gallons, as the following calculation will shew:

Spirits distilled in the United States in 1810, Galls. from foreign and domestic materials, as by the

returns of the marshals, (about five millions from

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31,725,417
rye

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about four and a half gallons for every person. Very little ported from this country. In 1801, the year of scarcity in Great-Britain, three hundred ninety-two thousand two hundred and seventy-six bushels of rye meal were exported, which was more than three times the quantity exported in any one year since 1791; and the average number of bushels of rye exported, annually from 1791 to 1811, has not exceeded six or eight thousand. Much greater quantities were exported in the years 1812 and 1813; in the former of which, eighty-two thousand seven hundred and five, and in the latter, one hundred forty thousand one hundred and thirty-six bushels were exported.

Vast quantities of rye are produced in Europe, and particularly in the northern parts. The bread of the common people, in the northern Kingdoms of Europe, is made of rye meal, and great quantities are also exported from the Baltic. In France, one of the best wheat countries, rye is also common. It is said, that more of it is gathered there than of wheat, and that half of the people in France use rye bread.*

* See Peccohet's Statistics of France, digested and abridged by James N. Taylor, Esq. printed in 1815.

The average quantity of oats exported, for twenty years, has been about seventy thousand bushels, annually; of peas, about ninety thousand, and of beans, between thirty and forty thousand. Potatoes, which constitute such a valuable part of our agricultural productions, especially in our domestic economy, are also exported, but the average quantity will not exceed about sixty thousand bushels a year.

The following is the aggregate value of all the exports, the produce of agriculture, constituting vegetable food, from 1802, to 1814:

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Beef, pork, tallow, hams, butter and cheese, lard, live cattle and horses, have long been articles of export, of no inconsiderable value. They have generally been shipped to the West-Indies.

The colonial custom-house books shew that in the year 1770, there was shipped to the South of Europe, two hundred and forty-four barrels, and to the West-Indies two thousand eight hundred and seventy tons of beef and pork, making about twenty-eight thousand nine hundred and forty-four barrels, and which was then valued at £66,035 1 10 sterling, or about $277,000. Beef and pork, with live cattle, have been among the most considerable articles of domes

tic export from some of the Northern states, where the lands are better for grazing than for grain.

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In the year 1770, one hundred sixty-seven thousand six hundred and thirteen pounds of butter, fifty-five thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven pounds of cheese, and one hundred eighty-five thousand one hundred and forty-three pounds of tallow and lard were exported.

Large quantities of these articles have been exported, averaging be tween one and two millions of pounds annually, and in some years exceeding two millions. In 1804, two millions eight hundred and thirty thousand and sixteen pounds of butter, and two millions five hundred sixty-five thousand seven hundred and nineteen pounds of lard, were shipped from the United States. Tables No. IV. and V. annexed to this chapter, shew the countries and places to which our beef and pork have been carried, from 1800 to 1811. Beef and pork, butter and lard, as well as live stock, have generally found a market in the West-India Islands. During the late war in Europe, the British West-Indies, for certain periods, have been open for our beef and pork, and large quantities have been shipped directly to British West-India ports. In 1804, no less than forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty-six barrels of beef, and forty-seven thousand nine hundred and twenty-six barrels of pork went to those parts. In the year 1811, ten thousand four hundred and thirty-two barrels of beef were shipped to Spain, and fourteen thousand three hundred and eighty-one to Portugal.

The value of the exports, the produce of animals, since 1803, as ascertained at the Treasury department, has been as follows, viz.

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