The King of Sardinia is Duke of Savoy, Piedmont, and Montferrat.'

4. Of PARMA, the chief towns are Parma, and Placentia.

The Duchy of Parma is one of the most flourish ing states of Italy; the cheese called Parmesan comes from thence.

5. Of MILAN, the chief towns are, Milan, Cremona, and Lodi, famous for cheese.

The beauty and fertility of this country are almost incredible; its chief manufactures consist of silks, hardware, and crystal.

6. Of MODENA, the chief town is Modena. 7. Of MANTUA, the chief town is Mantua. The Poet Virgil was a native of this city.

8. Of VENICE, the chief towns are, Venice, Padua, Verona, and Istria.

Venice, the capital, is built upon seventy-two little islands, at the bottom of the Adriatic Gulf; over the several canals are laid near five hundred bridges, most of them built of stone. It contains 200,000 inhabitants.

The Aristocratic factions in this city, induced one of the parties to call in the assistance of the French, who ungenerously ceded the greater part of it as a conquered country to the Emperor of Germany.

The Venetian territories are as fruitful as any in Italy; the fields abounding with vineyards and plantations of mulberries.

9. Of Genoa, the chief towns are, Genoa, on

the

the sea-coast; and Monaco, formerly belonging to its own prince.

Genoa is a most superb city, but the streets are narrow. It contains about 150,000 inhabitants. The chief manufactures are, velvets, damasks, gold and silver, tissues, and paper.

The Aristocratical government, vested in a duke, or doge, assisted by twelve counsellors, gave place to the republican form, under the influence of a French general.

The common people are the most laborious and industrious of all the Italians, and the whole face of the country is romantically beautiful.

The whole of this Northern division was called Lombardy; afterwards the Cis-Alpine Republic, and now the kingdom of Italy.

10. Of TUSCANY, the chief towns are Florence on the river Arno; Sienna, famous for marble; Pisa, and Leghorn on the sea.

Florence is a most beautiful city, standing between mountains covered with olive trees, vineyards, and delightful villas. It is full of the works of art, in painting, sculpture, and architecture; and exceeds every city in Italy, in these curiosities, except Rome. Its inhabitants amount to above se venty thousand.

Several great families (citizens of Florence) particularly the Medici, contributed so much towards the revival of learning and the arts during the middle ages, that the city became celebrated on that account.

11. The

11. The POPE'S TERRITORIES contain eight Provinces, in the centre of what was formerly the Roman empire; the chief towns are, Rome, the capital, on the Tiber; Tivoli, Spoleto, and Bologna; Civita-Vecchia, and Ostia, both on the Mediterranean; Loretto, Ancona, Sinigallia, Pesaro, and Ravenna, all on the coast, on the gulf of Venice.

Rome, formerly the mistress of the world, is reckoned the capital of all Italy; it is the residence of the Pope, and contains about one hundred and forty-three thousand inhabitants.

This grand city abounds with curiosities, both ancient and modern; such as noble ruins, especially those of the Pantheon, aud the triumphal arches; superb buildings, particularly the church of St. Peter, and numbers of beautiful paintings and

statues.

Next to Rome, Bologna is the most considerable city; besides which, there are many other towns in the ecclesiastical state, celebrated in ancient history.

The country about Rome is pleasant, but thin of inhabitants; the melancholy consequence of the want of trade, and the multitude of monks. The other parts of the Pope's dominions are very po. pulous.

12. Of LUCCA, the chief town is Lucca, on the Mediterranean.

This is a small, but delightful country. Its trade consists in mercery goods, wines, and fruits, especially olives. Its government is republican.

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13. Of

13. Of SAINT MARINO, the chief town is, St. Marino, on the gulf of Venice.

This small republic occupies only a single craggy mountain, with a few eminences at the bottom, and does not contain above five thousand inhabitants in its whole territory.

14. Naples is of larger extent than any other dominion of Italy. It is divided into four large provinces; which are, Abruzzo, Terra di Lavora, Apulia, and Calabria; each of which is subdivided into several smaller territories.

Naples, situated on the Mediterranean, is the capital of the whole kingdom; it is one of the finest cities in the world, and presents the curious traveller with many things deserving his attention. Its inhabitants amount to about three hundred thousand.

This country may justly be called a Paradise, from its beauty and fertility; it abounds with all kinds of grain, fruits, herbage, flax, oil, and wine, in the highest perfection. From this tract, some suppose Virgil took the model of his Elysian fields.

*

The present King of Naples and Sicily, or, as he is called, the King of the two Sicilies,' is Ferdinand IV. brother to the King of Spain, who ascended the throne in 1759. His dominions comprehend what was the ancient countries of Samnium, Campania, Apulia, Magna Græcia, and the

* Murat, the French general, was proclaimed King of the two Sicilies, at Naples, on the 1st of August, 1808.

the

the island of Sicily. At present he enjoys only the island of Sicily, the rest of his dominions being subdued by the French.,

THE

SECTION XXXIII.

OF ITALY.

HE most considerable Rivers of Italy, are, the Po, which falls into the Adriatic Gulf; the Volturno, the Tiber, and Arno, which fall into the Mediterranean.

The famous Rubicon forms the southern boundary, between Italy and the ancient Cisalpine Gaul. The principal Gulfs are, the Adriatic Sea, or gulf of Venice, which divides Italy from Turkey in Europe; and the gulfs of Tarento, Genoa, and Naples.

The Straits are, those of Messina and Bonifacio. The principal Lakes are, those of Maggiore and Como; there are several others.

The Mountains are, the Alps and Apennines, already mentioned; and the wonderful volcano or burning mountain, Vesuvius, which is not far from the city of Naples.

The air of Italy is generally very mild, pure, and healthful, except in the lands of the church during the summer season, at which time it is very pestilential.

Towards the Alps and Apennines it is piercing and cold, these mountains being frequently co

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vered