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cattle? Does the dealer in horses think it best to pay no regard to the size and form of the head, temperament, and texture?

And why so scrupulously conscientious when we come to the study of man? "The proper study of mankind, is man." Yet why so reluctant to examine his own powers and faculties? Why shut his eyes against a knowledge of himself, lest he should find some weak organs, or some unruly propensities? Herein is the great utility of phrenology, it gives a man a knowledge of himself, and also of others.

There are controlling traits in every man's character, and some not of the most happy and desirable kind. But before we can apply the remedy, we must know where the organs are situated, the temperament and texture, the causes of those unhappy traits. Phrenology developes the whole. The teacher who does not understand the phrenological character of his pupils, is incompetent to adapt his instructions to their several cases, or to designate the proper studies for them to pursue. The physician who does not understand the temperament and texture, the leading traits of character of his patient, is not master of his profession, and is incompetent to prescribe the most judicious remedies. The doctor of divinity who does not understand the organs of the mental and physical constitution-what are weak and require milk, and what require meat-is incompetent to prescribe moral remedies adapted to the diseases of the soul. Those parents who have no knowledge of the ruling propensities of their children, and the causes of certain traits of character, are inadequate to govern or instruct them.

We acquire a knowledge of human nature in part, by observation on the actions of men; but phrenology developes the causes of those actions, and the combination of circumstances which give the character its leading features. It puts us in possession of the balancing power, points out the preventative, the antidote, the remedy for that disproportion incident to the mental and physical constitution. serves to prepare degenerate man for the renovating and sanctifying influences of the Holy Spirit, and to improve and elevate him, not only as a physical, but as an intellectual and immortal being. It takes hold of the destinies of eternity, and of millions yet unborn.

MISCELLANY.

Discussion of Phrenology before the Royal Academy of Medicine at Paris. It appears that, during the last winter, the merits of phrenology were again indirectly discussed before the French Royal Academy

The subject, more particularly, was respecting the existence and locality of the organ of Language. M. Bouillaud introduced the matter, by communicating fifteen cases, in addition to sixty-four cases previously pre⚫sented, all of which went to prove that the organ of Language was seated in the anterior lobes of the brain. He admitted that many facts had been collected and recorded on this point, which seemed apparently to oppose the principles of phrenology; but, at the same time, insisted that the details of these facts were always unsatisfactory, and insufficient to afford any positive evidence towards settling the question. The discussion was continued during three sittings of the society, and appears to have been conducted with much interest and ability. The leading advocates of phrenology were M. Blandin, M. Ferrus, and M. Bouillaud; the opposers, M. Curveilhier, M. Rochoux, and M. Gerdy. The Medical Gazette of Paris, in closing a notice of the discussion, says-" Certainly we must acknowledge that the phrenological doctrine has, on the whole, very successfully resisted the attacks of its adversaries during this rather protracted ordeal, and that not a little merit is due to M. Bouillaud for his manly and able defence of its positions."

British and Foreign Medical Review.-In No. 8, page 369, of the Journal, we alluded to an able and extended article on phrenology, in a late number of the above review. The reader will find a part of this article in the present number of the Journal. It appears that the article has been reprinted from the review in pamphlet form in Great Britain, and is having quite a circulation. The Scotsman, of March 28, (a weekly paper published in Edinburgh, and conducted with much ability,) alludes to it as follows:-"Although long silent, we have not been indifferent spectators of the recent progress of phrenology. We have seen it avowed, or respectfully spoken of, by author after author, and journal after journal, adopted and professed by well-informed persons, whom we meet in almost every company, and its principles reduced to practice in schools, prisons, and lunatic asylums. We who had been beholders to even a slight knowledge of it, as a philosophy of mind and exposition of human nature, for a great addition to our own magazine of thought, power of discrimination, and accuracy of expression, see with much satisfaction the journal of Dr. Forbes, the British and Foreign Medical Review, allowed by the medical world to be one of its most influential periodicals, in an admirable article, boldly publishing its adhesion to the leading facts and principles of the new science, and strongly recommending it to the serious, and no longer contemptuous, attention of the profession. We have before had occasion to notice the excellent spirit in which this review is conducted, and the comprehensive, liberal, and candid tone of its criticisms. In its treatment of phrenology, it has acted a part which, for candour and manliness, contrasts greatly in its favour with the timid course pursued by some other journals."

Natural Language of the Organs.-It is a settled principle in phrenology, that the manifestation of any particular faculties in one individual, is calculated to call into exercise the same class of faculties in another. Thus, if Combativeness or Destructiveness is excited, their exhibition will excite the same faculties in those who witness the manifestation. Many curious phenomena of this kind frequently occur in society, and are entirely inexplicable on any other system of mental philosophy than that of phrenology. A person who understands the science, and is well acquainted with the natural language of the organs, has by this means a

very great advantage in understanding human nature, and can sometimes make use of such knowledge for the most important purposes in his dealings with mankind. This knowledge is of the highest importance to parents, teachers, and all who have the care or instruction of the young.

What is meant by the natural language of the faculties, is their external manifestation, as indicated in the movements of the body and the head, and, more especially, as they are expressed in the features of the countenance and tones of the voice. Mr. Combe, in remarking on the natural language of the higher sentiments, in his address before the Boston Phrenological Society, has the following beautiful illustrations. To realise the full force of these illustrations, the reader should be personally acquainted with the individuals referred to:-"Who does not recollect the benignity, the heavenly purity, and the soft and soothing tones of voice of the Rev. Dr. Tuckerman, of this city? These radiant beams of Christian emotion are the natural language of Benevolence, Veneration, and Hope, which he is constantly calling into play, in ministering, as a home missionary, to the poor, the wretched, and the depraved. Has any one observed a similar expression of Benevolence and radiant joy in the countenance of Dr. Woodward, the superintendent of the Worcester Hospital for the Insane? It is the natural language of those sentiments of tender sympathy and cheering hope, which he is habitually pouring into minds diseased, and which are the best antidotes to their afflictions. Another practical example may be mentioned. The Rev. Mr. Gallaudet, of Hartford, was for many years head instructor of the deaf and dumb, in the institution near that city. He informed me, that however much annoyed in his own temper, however peevish and even irritable, he might be, the moment he began to instruct his pupils by the language of the higher sentiments, which was the only medium whereby he could cultivate these feelings in them, his evil genius fled, and the spirit of peace and good-will reappeared in his bosom. He added, that he has often subdued the worst passions in his deaf and dumb pupils, solely by radiating on them the natural language of Benevolence, expressed in compassion or regret. He has stifled rage also, and brought forth the beauty of kindly affection, by insisting on the refractory pupil exhibiting the natural language of virtuous feeling. He is so impressed with the importance of natural language as a means of training the feelings, that he has strongly recommended it in his writings.

"Again: Dr. Woodward told me, when I visited the Worcester Hospital, on the 28th of December, 1839, that he finds the activity of the diseased faculties in his patients much increased by the presence or even the insignia of their objects. If a quarrelsome man finds a feather and stick in his hat, he instantly erects his head, and becomes a soldier; and his diseased propensity rages more fiercely. Dr. Woodward coaxes him to yield up the feather, and to lay aside his military air, saying to him, 'We are all civilians here,' and his pugnacity is mitigated. If a female patient, who fancies herself a queen, gets a shawl or other means of making a robe, with a little finery and embroidery, she puts it on, and instantly struts and sidles about with majestic airs; and her disease is aggravated. He persuades her to part with it, as 'We are all republicans here, and queens might not be properly respected;' and the intensity of the diseased feeling gradually abates."

Classification of the Faculties.-A valuable correspondent has sent us a classification of the mental faculties, with which we have been so much pleased as to be induced to present it in the Journal. There seems to be

quite a diversity of opinion among leading phrenologists on this subject; and it will doubtless require considerable time, and farther examination, before any particular classification will meet with a general reception, and become a fixed standard among all the cultivators of the science. The following classification of our correspondent is ingenious, convenient, and, perhaps, not at variance with nature.

CLASS I.

Propensities or feelings, which correspond with the sensitive tract, or column of the spinal cord, and are supposed to arise from the restiform bodies of the medulla oblongata, viz:

Domestic Group.

1. Amativeness,

2. Philoprogenitiveness,

3. Adhesiveness,

4. Inhabitiveness,

5. Concentrativeness

6. Combativeness,
Vitativeness.

CLASS II.

Selfish Group.

7. Destructiveness,
8. Alimentiveness,

9. Acquisitiveness,
10. Secretiveness,
11. Cautiousness,
12. Approbativeness,
13. Self-esteem.

Sentiments or emotions, which correspond with the middle column of the spinal marrow, and are supposed to arise from the corpora olivaria of the medulla oblongata; giving rise to the involuntary emotions, unlike the feelings or propensities, viz:

Moral or Religious Group.

14. Firmness,

15. Conscientiousness,

16. Hope,

17. Wonder,

18. Veneration,

19. Benevolence.

Perfective Group.

20. Constructiveness,
21. Ideality,

? Sublimity,

22. Imitation.

Constructiveness is placed in the above class, though it should perhaps, on some accounts, be ranked among the Intellectual Faculties, yet its organ lies in the middle lobe of the brain.

CLASS III.

Intellect or will, which corresponds with the anterior column of the spinal marrow, and its organs arise from the corpora pyramidalia; giving rise to volition. These constitute the intellectual faculties, and may be considered under two divisions, viz. perceptive and reflective groups, the names of the particular faculties included, it is unnecessary here to repeat.

Those who are acquainted with the anatomy of the brain, and the spinal columns, will readily perceive how this classification harmonises with it; that the spinal marrow is composed of the anterior, middle, and posterior columns; that the nerves of voluntary motion arise from the anterior columns which connect with the organs (Class 3.) of the will or intellect, in the anterior lobe of the brain; that the nerves of involuntary motion arise from the middle columns which connect with the organs of the sentiments (Class 2.) or involuntary emotions in the middle lobe of the brain; and that the nerves of sensation arise from the posterior columns which connect with the propensities or feelings in the posterior

lobe of the brain. Organs Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10, (in the middle lobe of the brain,) of Class 1, and perhaps No. 20, of Class 3, are supposed to be spread over the sentiments (Class 2.) like the outer covering of a partially blown rose. The reasons for such a classification are, 1st, Almost the whole of the human system, in its different parts, is made up of a trinity. 2d. The trinity of the spinal cord and its nerves, the brain (three lobes), its coverings, ventricles, commissures, medulla oblongata, cornua, &c. &c. 3d, The mental actions performed by these three classes are different from each other, being voluntary, involuntary, and sensitive or affective, corresponding with the three tracts or columns of the spinal marrow, and the three sets of nerves given off from them; for Mr. Combe, in speaking of the sentiments, says they consist of a different order of feelings from the propensities, joined with what may more appropriately be called an emotion, or a feeling of a purer, higher, and more elevated character. 4th, In forming an estimate of character, we have constantly to keep in view the comparative sizes of these three classes; or, in other words, the animal, moral, and intellectual nature of the individual examined. Lastly, Its simplicity not being nearly so likely to confuse the amateur in science, as the more minute divisions mentioned in phrenological works under the head, genus, species, &c. (the writer here refers to the three general classes in the present classification, without so much reference to the grouping, which is of no particular consequence).

Again: Voluntary motion can be produced independent of, and without affecting sensation or the senses, but the latter seldom, if ever, act independent of, and without the direction of voluntary motion; so also the intellect may be intensely active, without arousing the propensities or sentiments, but the propensities and sentiments cannot be active, even in a moderate degree, without arousing the intellect and receiving its direction, so that the propensities or feelings themselves are blind instincts or impulses to action, which action receives its direction from the intellect or will, and the sentiments. This teaches us the great importance of cultivating and enlightening the sentiments and the intellect, in order that these moving or impelling powers (propensities) may receive a proper direction.

History of Phrenology in Philadelphia.-Dr. John Bell, in a review of Mr. Haskin's History and Progress of Phrenology, in the June number of the Eclectic Journal of Medicine, states some facts of interest respecting the history of the science in this city. As these facts serve to correct some statements already published in phrenological works, and will be valuable for future reference, we deem them worthy of record here. They are as follows:-"The first phrenological society in the United States was founded in this city in the month of February, 1822, of which Dr. Physick was made president, Dr. John Bell, corresponding secretary, and Dr. B. H. Coates, recording secretary. From this time, and not 'twelve years since,' as Mr. Haskins has it, must we date the public advocacy of phrenology by Drs. Coates and Bell. The subject was more formally introduced by Dr. Bell delivering two lectures to the 'Central Phrenological Society, established at Philadelphia,' at its meetings on the 4th and 18th of March, 1822. These lectures, published in the 4th volume of Dr. Chapman's Medical and Physical Journal, were intended to illustrate and enforce the doctrine by various proofs and analogies.

"An interest was manifested to such an extent, as to induce the society to procure an excellent collection of casts from Paris and Edinburgh;

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