artificial Globe; but the wooden Circle, which fuftains the Globe and brafs Meridian, reprefents every Horizon, when the Place is at the Top, as fhall be fhown; and 'tis called the wooden Horizon.

THESE Definitions are neceffary to the understanding what follows. We must also know from Aftronomy how the Sun and Stars move.

1. THAT is the firft Motion common to them all, by which in twenty four Hours they go round the Earth when they rife, pafs the Meridian, and fet, and rife again; and they therein feem to defcribe every Day Circles parallel to the Equator; as moving all on the Axis of the Earth; and thus they move fifteen Degrees on the Equator, and every Parallel, every Hour; which is the twenty fourth Part of three hundred and fixty Degrees round, as appears by the horary Circle of Brafs fixed on the Meridian, at the North Pole, whereon the Index points to the Hours, as the Globe revolves.

THE fecond, and proper, or annual, Motion of the Sun, is that by which the Sun (or the Earth) moves from Weft to Eaft; which is against the first Motion. The Time or Number of Days in which the Sun returns to the Point from which it came, is called a Year; which is three hundred and fixty five Days, and about a quarter of a Day. The Path of this fecond Motion is called the Ecliptic, which is divided into twelve Parts, called Signs; for Aftronomers have obferved those Stars or Conftellations of the Heavens, thro' which the Sun paffes, and from these the twelve Signs receive their Names. And because they are all Animals, therefore the Ecliptic is called by the Antients the Zodiac. But properly the Ecliptic. is in the middle of a Belt, which is fixteen Degrees broad; in which all the other Planets move B 3 from

from West to East; fome nearer, others further from the Ecliptic. The Names of the Signs are comprehended in thefe Verfes:

Arcitenens is alfo called Sagittarius, Caper Capricornus, and Amphora Aquarius. The Ecliptic cuts the Equator obliquely, and it's greatest Distance is about twenty three Degrees thirty Minutes; and where the Ecliptic cuts the Equator, which is in two Points, the Ecliptic begins at one of them, and the Sun in any one of thefe two Points makes the Days and Nights equal in all Places; and then Spring and Autumn begins; the Spring at the firft of Aries, and the Autumn the firft of Libra; and tho' two thoufand Years ago the Signs were where the following ones are now, that is, they are gone backward, yet they retain their Names, without regard to the Stars they left.

EACH of thefe twelve Signs is divided into thirty Degrees and the Sun moves fifty nine Minutes eight Seconds each Day, by going thro' three hundred and fixty Degrees in the Ecliptic, in three hundred fixty five Days and a quarter; or we may reckon it a Degree in a Day: nor is there need for greater exactnefs in a fmall time, efpecially when the Defign is only to inftruct others. Likewife there being twelve Signs in the Ecliptic, and twelve Months in the Year, it goes thro' a Sign in a Month; but enters not the Sign in the beginning of the Month, but about the twenty first

Day,

Day, according to the Gregorian Calendar, or the eleventh according to the Julian, viz. into Aries, : March the tenth, and the tenth of April into Taurus, &c. or a little before, or after, the tenth Day. But if we would have the exact Knowledge of the Sun's Place it must be calculated from Tables, or taken from an Ephemeris: if one have a Globe it's Place may be nearly found on the wooden Horizon; if not, they may fuppofe the Sun enters each Sign on the tenth Day of the Month, and then count to the present time how much is gone fince; but they must be well acquainted with the Signs, and know in what Month the Sun enters any Sign. Thus the fourteenth of March the Sun is in the fourth of Aries. Thus Students ought to know where the Sun is in the Ecliptic; for 'tis mean in a Man of Letters not to know fo much, whilft the Seafons, and length of the Day and Night depends on the Sun's Place, and feveral other things that are useful in Life.

CHA P. XXIII.

Of the Latitude of Places, and the Elevation of the Pole.

PROPOSITION I.

The Latitude of a Place, is it's Distance from the

TH

Equator.

HIS Distance is meafured by an Arch from the Place in the shortest way to the Equator, or an Arch of the Meridian of that Place, from the Place to the Equator.

BUT the Latitude of the Earth is it's Extenfion on the Superficies from one Pole to the other; and it's Longitude is it's Extenfion from the Weft by the Eaft to the Weft again, which is the Equinoctial Line: but 'tis better not to mind thefe Terms in Geography.

PROPOSITIONTM II.

The Elevation of the Pole above the Horizon of a Place is an Arch of the Meridian; between either Pole and the Horizon.

IT may be faid, 'tis an Arch of the Meridian on the Earth, or in the Heavens; but 'tis better referred to the Earth, fuppofing the Earth to caufe the first Motion; yet the Definition is referred by Aftronomers

Aftronomers to the Celestial Meridian; and the imaginary Pole there.

PROPOSITION III.

Having the Latitude of a Place on the Globe in Degrees and Minutes; if it be a large Globe; to find the fame Latitude in Geographical Maps.

ON the Globe: bring the Place to the brafs Meridian, and count the Degrees from it to the Equator, and it will be the Latitude fought.

IN Geographical Maps: if it be a right-lined one, draw a Line through the Place parallel to the Equator; and the ends of that Line on the Margin fhow the Latitude.

BUT if it be with Lines, and not any Line paffing thro' the Place, fix one Foot of the Compafs in the Place, and the other in the Pole of the Map; and defcribe a parallel Circle, which will cut the Degree of Latitude on the Margin that inclofeth the Map, or on the Sides of it, if the other Parallels be defcribed from the Pole, and at the fame time you'll have it's Distance from the Pole.

PROPOSITION IV.

A Place being given on the Superficies of the Globe, how to place the Globe fo as that the wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of the Place.

FIND the Latitude of the Place, and elevate the Pole according to it; and then bring the Place to the brass Meridian, and it will be at the Top of the Globe; and therefore the wooden Horizon will be ninety Degrees from it every way.

PRO