1. Arsenious Acid. This compound, frequently called white arsenic, and white oxide of arsenic, is prepared by digesting the metal in dilute nitric acid. It is well known as a violent poison. Its salts are

gun).

ARQUEBUSADE (arquebus, a handAqua Vulneraria. A lotion composed of vinegar, sulphuric acid, honey, alcohol, and various aromatics; originally applied to wounds inflicted by the arquebus.

ARQUIFOUX. A sort of lead ore, commonly called potters' ore, from its being used by potters as a green varnish. ARRACK, or RACK. An intoxicating beverage made in India, by distilling the fermented juice of the cocoa-nut, the palmyra tree, and rice in the husk. It may be imitated by dissolving forty grains of flowers of benjamin in a quart of rum: Dr. Kitchener calls this "Vauxhall Nectar."

1. Goa arrack is made from a vegetable juice called toddy, which flows by incision from the cocoa-nut tree.

2. Batavia arrack is obtained by distillation from molasses and rice, and is stronger than that of Goa.

ARRAGONITE. An impure species of carbonate of lime, brought from Arragon in Spain.

ARROW-ROOT. A term improperly applied to fecula or starch, prepared from the root of the Maranta Arundinacea, said to be efficacious in poisoned wounds. Arrow-root, British. A fecula prepared from the roots of the Arum maculatum, or Cuckoo-pint, in the isle of Portland, by beating them into a pulp, which is repeatedly washed by passing it through a sieve; it is then dried in shallow pans. ARSENICUM (dpσevikov, masculine, an ancient epithet, denoting strong and

2. Arsenic Acid. The compound which results from the further acidification of the arsenious with nitric acid. Its salts are called arseniates

3. Fly Powder. Poudre à mouches. A black powder, formed by the exposure of the metal to a moist atmosphere. It is generally regarded as a mixture of white oxide and metallic arsenic.

4. Fuming Liquor of Arsenic. A colourless volatile liquid, which fumes strongly on exposure to the air. It is the sesquichloride of arsenic; and is formed by throwing powdered arsenic into chlorine gas.

5. Realgar. Ruby or Red Arsenic; the protosulphuret. It occurs native, and may be formed by heating arsenious acid with about half its weight of sulphur. 6. Orpiment. Yellow arsenic; the sesqui-sulphuret. It occurs native, and may be formed by fusing together equal parts of arsenious acid and sulphur. It constitutes a well-known paint, and is the colouring principle of the pigment called king's yellow.

7. Scheele's Mineral Green. A wellknown pigment, consisting of arsenite of copper, or the combination of the arsenious acid with oxide of copper.

8. Liquor Arsenicalis. A pharmacopoeial preparation, called Fowler's solution and Tasteless Ague Drop, consisting of arseniate of potash dissolved in water, and flavoured and coloured by spirit of lavender.

9. Pâte Arsenicale. A remedy used in France, consisting of cinnabar, sanguis draconis, and arsenious acid, made into a paste with saliva.

ARSENOVINIC ACID. A new acid produced by the action of arsenic upon alcohol.

ARTEMISIA. A genus of plants of the order Composite. The species Chinensis, Indica, and Vulgaris, yield the substance called moxa, which is prepared by beating the tops of these plants in a mortar, until they become like tow.

Artemisia Dracunculus. Tarragon; a plant which is used to impart a peculiar stimulating flavour to vinegar.

ARTERIA (ap, air, τnpéw, to hold).

A vessel which carries the blood from the heart; formerly supposed, from its being found empty after death, to contain only air.

1. Arteria innominata. A trunk arising from the arch of the aorta.

2. Arteriæ helicina. The name given by Müller to one set of the arterial branches of the corpora cavernosa penis. "They come off from the side of the arteries, and consist of short, slightly

curled branches, terminating abruptly by a rounded, apparently closed extremity, turned back somewhat on itself: these are sometimes single; sometimes several arise from one stem, forming a tuft."

3. Arteriæ Venosa. The four pulmonary veins were so called, because they

contained arterial blood.

4. Arterial Circle of Willis. This is formed by branches of the carotid and

vertebral arteries at the base of the brain.

5. Arterialization. The conversion of the venous into the arterial blood; a term applied to the change induced in the blood as it passes through the lungs, by the evolution of carbonic acid, and the abstraction of oxygen from the air.

6. Arteritis. Inflammation of an artery

or arteries.

7. Arteriotomy (Toμn, a section). The opening of an artery, to let blood, generally the temporal.

ARTHANATIN. A name applied by Saladin to a colourless crystalline matter, which is extracted by alcohol from the tuberous stem of the Cyclamen Europaum, or Sow-bread.

ARTHRON (äp@pov). A joint. Hence 1. Arthritis. Podagra, or Gout. Correctly, inflammation of a joint.

2. Arthro-dia. A kind of shallow articulation, as that of the humerus with the glenoid cavity.

3. Arthr-odynia (òdúvn, pain). Pains in the joints.

4. Arthro-logy (Móyos, a description). A description of the joints.

ARTICULATA (articulus, ajoint). Articulated or jointed animals; one of the four great divisions of the animal kingdom. See Zoology.

ARTICULATION (articulus, a joint). Arthrosis; a joint. The mechanism by which the bones of the skeleton are connected with each other. All the forms of articulation may be reduced to three :

I. Synarthrosis, or Immoveable. joining; in which the bones merely lie 1. Harmonia (äpw, to adapt). Close in opposition to each other, as in the bones of the face.

2. Schindylesis (oxivdúλnois, a fissure). A mode of joining, by which a projection of one bone is inserted into a groove or fissure in another, as in the articulations

of the vomer with the rostrum of the

sphenoid, and with the central lamella of

the ethmoid bone.

3. Gomphosis (yóupos, a nail). Naillike insertion, as of the teeth in their sockets; their roots being fixed into the alveoli, like nails into a board. This is the only example of this kind of articu

lation.

4. Sutura. Literally, a seam. A dovesolid of the four forms of synarthrosis; it tailing mode of articulation, the most occurs in the union of the flat bones of

the skull with each other. There are two varieties, viz.—

1. Sutura serrata, as in the serrated, or saw-like, union of the frontal with the parietal bones, and of the parietal bones with each other.

2. Sutura squamosa, as in the scalelike connexion of the temporal with the parietal bone.

II. Diarthrosis, or Moveable.

1. Arthrodia. In this form of articulation, the extent of motion is limited, as in the articulations of both extremities of the clavicle, and ribs; in the articulations of the radius with the ulna, of the fibula with the tibia, of the articular processes of the vertebræ, and of the bones

6. Arthro-sis. Articulation, or joint. ARTICULARIS (articulus, a joint). Relating to joints; particularly applied to the arteries given off from the popliteal. Articularis genu. This, and the term subcruraus, have been applied to a few detached muscular fibres, frequently found under the lower part of the cruralis, and attached to the capsule of the kneejoint.

&c.

2. Ginglymus (qcyyλvμòs, a hinge). Hinge-like articulation, in which the bones move upon each other in two directions only, viz. forwards and backwards; but the degree of motion may be very considerable. Examples occur in the elbow, the wrist, the knee, the ankle, the lower jaw, &c.

3. Enarthrosis (èv, in, äpopwσis, articulation). Ball-and-socket joint, the most

extensive in its range of motion of all the moveable joints. There are three examples of this kind of joint, viz. the hip, the shoulder, and the articulation of the metacarpal bone of the thumb with the trapezium.

III. Amphi-arthrosis, or Mixed. This kind of articulation is intermediate between the immoveable and the moveable forms. It is characterized by having an intervening substance between the contiguous ends of the bones, and permitting of only a slight or obscure degree of motion. Examples occur in the connection between the bodies of the vertebræ, the union of the two first pieces of the sternum, and the sacro-iliac and pubic symphyses.

bread, or panis of the Latins.

1. Arto-creas (кpéas, flesh). A food made of bread and various meats boiled together.

2. Arto-gala (yáλa, milk). A food made of bread and milk. A poultice. 3. Arto-meli (μéλ, honey). A cataplasm made of bread and honey.

ARYTENOID (apúraiva, a ewer, eidos, likeness). A term applied to two triangular cartilages of the larynx. The derivation of the term relates to the appearance of both cartilages taken together, and covered by mucous membrane. In animals, which were the principal subjects of dissection among the ancients, the opening of the larynx with the arytenoid cartilages bears a striking resemblance to the mouth of a pitcher having a large spout.

ASAPHATI (a, priv., σaphs, clear). A sort of serpigo, supposed to be generated in the pores, like worms.

ASAPHIA (a, priv., σaphs, clear). Defective utterance; a want of clearness of articulation or speech.

ASARI FOLIA. Asarabacca leaves; The leaves of the Asarum Europeum, a plant of the order Aristolochiacea, abounding in a bitter principle called asarin, and used as an errhine.

ASBESTOS (a, priv., oßévvvu, to extinguish). A mineral substance of a fibrous structure, from which an incombustible linen is made. There are several varieties, all more or less flexible and fibrous, and termed amianthus, or mountain flax, mountain leather, &c.

ASCARIS (άoкapiw, to jump). Parasitical worms found in the human body.

ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. Swallowwort; an American plant, used as a diaphoretic in catarrh and rheumatism.

ASEPTA (a, priv., σýn, to putrefy). Substances free from the putrefactive process.

ASHES. The residuum of the combustion of vegetables, containing alkaline salts.

ASITIA (a, priv., σītos, food). Loss of appetite.

ASPARAMIDE. A principle discovered in the juice of the asparagus, and in the root of the marsh-mallow and liquorice. It is the same as the agedoite of Robiquet.

ASPARTIC ACID. An acid obtained from asparagin, when boiled for some time with hydrated oxide of lead or magnesia.

ASPERA ARTERIA. Literally, a rough air-vessel. The trachea; so named from the inequality of its cartilages.

ASPERSION (aspergo, to sprinkle). A kind of affusion, in which the liquid is thrown, drop by drop, like rain, upon the body.

ASPHALTENE. A solid black substance, obtained by submitting the bitumen of Bechelborum, purified by ether, to a high and prolonged temperature.

ASPHALTUM (a, priv., opáλλw, to slip; from its being used for cement). Jews' Pitch. Native bitumen; a solid brittle bitumen, found principally on the shores and on the surface of the Dead Sea, and named from the lake Asphaltitis. A brown colouring matter is formed from it, which, when dissolved in oil of turpentine, is semitransparent, and is used as a glaze.

ASPHODELEÆ. The Asphodel or Lily tribe of Monocotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, with bulbs, occasionally arborescent, with leaves not articulated with the stem, parallel-veined; flowers hexapetaloïdeous; stamens hypogynous; ovary superior; fruit succulent or dry and capsular.

ASPHYXIA (a, priv., opúkis, the pulse). Defectus pulsus; defectus animi. Originally, interrupted pulse; but, more recently and generally, interrupted respiration, as in hanging, drowning; suspended animation; apparent death.

ASSA-FTIDA. A fetid gum-resin, which exudes from the root of the Ferula Assafoetida, a plant of the order Umbellifera. It occurs massive, and in tears. It was used by the ancients as a condiment, under the name of oλpiòv (laserpitium); it has also been called opium Cyrenaicum, or juice from Cyrene. The term assa-fœtida is derived from the monks of the Salernian school.

ASSAYING. The chemical operation of ascertaining the quantity of any metal in an ore or mixture. It differs from Analysis only in degree, and is performed in the dry way, as by heat; in the moist way, as by acids and other re-agents; or by both methods. See Cupellation.

ASSES' MILK. Lac Asininum. The artificial milk may be prepared in the following way:-Boil eryngo root, pearl barley, sago, and rice, of each one ounce, in three pints of water till half wasted; strain, and put a tea-spoonful of the mixture into a coffee-cup of boiling milk, so as to render it of the consistence of cream; sweeten with sugar or honey to the taste.

nurse; quòd puero adsit, or assit, which is a different origin. See Elixus.

ASTATIC (a, priv., σráw, to stand). A term applied to a magnetic needle, when its directive property is destroyed by the proximity of another needle of equal magnetic intensity, fixed parallel to it, and in a reversed position, each needle having its north pole adjacent to the south pole of the other. In this state the needles, neutralizing each other, are unaffected by the magnetism of the earth, while they are still subject to the influence of galvanism.

ASTER (OTP). A star.

1. Astro-bolismus (Báλw, to cast). Sideratio. Apoplexy; formerly supposed to be caused by the influence of the stars.

2. Astro-logy (λóyos, a description). A description of the stars. The pretended science of foretelling events by inquiring of the stars. Hippocrates ranks this, and astronomy, among the necessary studies of a physician.

3. Astro-nomy (vóμos, a law). The science which investigates the laws of the stars, or the motions of the heavenly bodies.

ASTHENIA (a, priv., σ0évos, strength). Debility; want of strength.

ASTHMA (o@μáčw, to breathe heavily). Anhelatio; spirandi difficultas; suspirium. Broken-wind; short-breath; difficulty of breathing, recurring in paroxysms, and independent of organic disease.

ASTRAGALUS (àσтpayaλos, a die). The ankle-bone: the analogous bones of some animal were used by the ancients as dice.

ASSIMILATION (assimilo, to assimilate). The conversion of the food into nutriment.

Con

ASSOCIATE MOVEMENTS. sensual Movements. Those movements which, contrary to our will, accompany other, voluntary, motions. Thus, the eye cannot be moved inwards by the action of the rectus internus, without contraction of the iris being produced.

ASSODES (äon, loathing). Asodes. A continual fever, attended with a loathing of food. Sauvages calls it Tritæophya assodes; and Cullen arranges it under the tertian remittents.

ASSUS (quasi arsus, from ardere, to burn). Roasted, as applied to foods. But Celsus has assa nutrix, a careful

nosa, which yields the gum tragacanth of commerce. Several other species of Astragalus yield this substance, particularly the A. verus, the A. gummifer, &c.

ASTRINGENT PRINCIPLE. A principle contained in the husks of nuts, of walnuts, in green tea, and eminently in the gall-nut. From the use of this principle in tanning skins, it has obtained the name of tannin.

ASTRINGENTS (astringo, to bind). Remedies which contract the animal fibre, and arrest fluxes, hæmorrhages, diarrhoea, &c.

Espèces Astringents. The name given in the Codex or Parisian Pharmacopoeia to a mixture of equal parts of bistortroot, of tormentil-root, and of pomegranate-bark.