R. An abbreviation of Recipe, take, placed at the beginning of prescriptions. RABDOIDAL (páßdos, a rod, eldos, likeness). Rod-like; a term formerly applied to the sagittal suture.

RABIES. Lyssa. Madness occurring after the bite of a rabid animal. Celsus observes, "omnis ferè morsus habet quoddam virus."

1. Rabies canina. Canine Rabies; produced by the bite of a rabid dog, wolf, or fox. The spastic constriction, for the most part, extends to the muscles of deglutition, which are violently convulsed at the appearance or idea of liquids.

2. Rabies felina. Feline Rabies; produced by the bite of a rabid cat. The spastic symptoms are less acute, and frequently intermitting.

RACE. The Races of man are different forms of one species, which are capable of fruitful union, and are propagated by generation. They are not different species of one genus, for in that case their hybrids would be unfruitful. Blumenbach distinguishes the following

races:

1. Caucasian race. Skin white, passing into flesh colour, occasionally brownish; hair wavy, of a light or dark tint; face oval, facial angle large, viz. from 80° to 85°. The Europeans, excepting the Laplanders and Finns; the inhabitants of Western Asia, as far as the Obe, the Ganges, and the Caspian sea; and the North Africans.

2. Mongolian race. Skin yellow; hair black, straight, scanty; face broad, flat; glabella flat and broad. All the Asiatics, except those of the Caucasian variety, and the Malays; the Laplanders and Finns; the most northern Americans, the Esquimaux, and Greenlanders

3. American race. Skin brownish, copper-coloured; hair black, straight, scanty. All the Americans not included in the preceding variety.

4. Ethiopian race. Skin black or brownish black; hair black, coarse, short, woolly, and frizzly; skull narrow, long; facial angle of only 70° to 75°. All the Africans, excepting those of the Caucasian variety, viz. the African negroes,

the negroes of New Holland and the Indian Archipelago, or the Papuas.

5. Malay race. Skin black; hair black, soft, curling, and abundant; cranium moderately narrow. The brown islanders of the South Sea; the inhabitants of the Sunda Isles, the Moluccas, the Philippine, and Marianne Isles, and the true Malays of Malacca. See Cranioscopy.

RACEME (racemus, a bunch of grapes). A form of inflorescence, in which all the buds of an elongated branch are developed as flower-buds, and at the same time produce peduncles, as in hyacinth. Compare Spike.

RACHIS (páxis). Properly, Rhachis. The spine; the vertebral column.

1. Rachi-algia (äλyos, pain). Literally, Spine-ache, or Back-bone-ache; a designation of Painters' Colic, from the pains striking through the back

2. Rach-itis. The Rickets; a disease which seems to consist in a want of due firmness in the bones, in consequence of a deficiency of the phosphate of lime in their structure. The affection is named from its having been supposed to depend on disease of the spinal marrow.

RACHIS (IN BOTANY). That form of floral axis in which several pedicles, or flower-stalks, are developed at short distances from each other, as in Grasses.

RACK. Arrack. A spirit obtained, in Batavia, by distillation from fermented infusions of rice, and hence termed rice spiri'.

RADIATA (radius, a ray). A designation of animals which are disposed around an axis in a radiated form, as the star-fish, constituting Cuvier's fourth division of the animal kingdom. See Zoology.

RADIATION (radius, a ray). The emission of heat, or of light, from the surface of a heated or of a luminous body, in the form of rays.

RADICAL (radix, a root). A term applied generally to any substance which is capable of combining with simple bodies. A radical is termed simple, when it is itself an elementary body, as chlorine in hydrochloric acid; or compound, when, though itself a compound, it acts as a

tas.

Hoarseness; huskiness of voice. RAY (radius, a shoot or rod). The smallest form in which light and caloric are emitted from bodies. Rays are distinguished into

1. Calorific rays, which excite heat; the highest degree of caloric being indicated in the red ray of the prismatic spectrum.

2. Luminous rays, which impart light; the highest degree of illumination being confined to the brightest yellow or palest green of the prismatic spectrum.

3. Chemical rays, which cause neither heat nor light, but produce powerful chemical changes, as that of darkening the white chloride of silver: these are also termed de-oxidizing or hydrogenating rays, from their characteristic effect in withdrawing oxygen from water and other oxides. The greatest chemical action is found to be exerted just beyond the violet ray of the prismatic spectrum.

sulphuret, in subliming vessels.

RECEIVER. A vessel fitted to the neck of a retort, alembic, &c., for the purpose of receiving the products of distillation. It is either plain, tubulated, or quilled. It is also called refrigeratory, from its cooling the contents.

RECEPTACLE. A term applied, in botany, to the dilated and depressed axis of the Capitulum, constituting the seat of the artichoke, &c.

RECEPTACULUM CHYLI. Cisterna chyli, or Reservoir of Pecquet. The receptacle of the chyle, an enlargement of the thoracic duct, near the aortic aperture of the diaphragm.

RECLINATION. A term employed in Germany, to denote the operation of turning a cataract, so as to change the position of its anterior and posterior surfaces.

RECTIFICATION. The repeating a distillation or sublimation several times, in order to render the substance purer and finer.

RECTOR SPIRITUS. The aromatic principle of plants.

RECTUM (rectus, straight). The straight gut, the last of the intestines, extending from the last lumbar vertebra to the anus. The name is taken from the old anatomists, whose descriptions were derived from examination of brutes. It has been called curvum !

RECTUS (straight). The name of several muscles; viz.

1. Rectus superior, arising from the upper part of the optic foramen, and inserted into the superior and fore part of the sclerotica. It is also named attollens, or levator oculi, from its office of raising the eye; and superbus, as giving an expression of pride. Its antagonist is the

REAGENT (re, again, ago, to act). A substance employed in chemical analysis, for ascertaining the quantity or quality of the component parts of bodies, by re-acting upon their elements. It is synonymous with test.

desty.

3. Rectus internus, arising from the margin of the optic foramen, and inserted into the inner side of the eye. It is also named adducens, from its drawing the eye towards the nose; and bibitorius, from its directing the eye to the cup. Its antagonist is the

into the outer side of the eye. It is also named abductor oculi, from its turning the eye outwards; and indignabundus, as giving an expression of scorn.

5. Rectus capitis, the name of five muscles arising from the upper cervical vertebræ, and inserted into the occipital bone. These are

The R. capitis anticus major. The R. capitis anticus minor. The R. capitis lateralis. The R. capitis posticus major. The R. capitis posticus minor. 6. Rectus abdominis, arising from the pubes, and inserted into the three inferior true ribs, and the ensiform cartilage. It pulls down the ribs in respiration, &c. 7. Rectus femoris, arising by two heads from the ilium and acetabulum, and inserted into the patella; it is sometimes called rectus cruris. It extends the leg, &c.

RECURRENT (recurro, to run back). The designation of a branch of the posterior tibial artery; and of the inferior laryngeal nerves,-a portion of the par vagum.

REDDLE, or RED CHALK. A kind of clay iron-stone.

RED FIRE. A pyrotechnical compound of nitrate of strontia, sulphur, antimony, and chlorate of potash, which burns with a red flame. It is liable to explode spontaneously.

RED GUM. Dr. Willan says that this is a corruption of the term Red-gown, its variegated plots of red upon a pale ground being supposed to resemble a piece of red printed linen. See Strophulus.

RED LEAD. Minium. An oxide of lead with a fine red colour, with a shade of yellow.

REFRACTION (refractus, broken back). That property of light, by which a ray becomes bent, or refracted, when passing from a rarer into a denser medium, and vice versa.

Double refraction. A property of certain transparent minerals, as Iceland Spar, by which they present two images of any object seen through them, and by which a ray of light, after entering such a medium, becomes divided into two portions, each of which presents an image of the object.

REFRIGERANTS (refrigero, to cool). Temperants. Medicines which diminish the morbid heat of the body.

REFRIGERATION

(refrigero, to cool). The act of cooling any body; the condition of a body which has been

cooled.

REFRIGERATORY

(refrigero, to cool). A chemical vessel filled with cooling any substance water, for condensing vapours, or for as it passes through it.

REGMA (poow, to break). Capsula tricocca. A fruit, consisting of three or more cells, each of which bursts from the axis with elasticity into two valves, as in Euphorbia. The cells of this kind of fruit are called cocci.

REGIMEN (rego, to rule). A rule of diet, &c., prescribed for a patient.

REGION. A term applied to the artificial divisions of the body, as those of the chest, those of the abdomen.

REGIUS (rex, regis, a king). Royal; a term used by way of distinction.

1. Regius morbus. Royal disease, or jaundice, so called from its yellow or golden colour.

RED SANDERS. The wood of the Pterocarpus Santalinus, yielding a red colouring matter, which is a resin.

REDUCTION (reduco, to bring back). A chemical process, also called revivification, by which a substance is reduced, or restored, to its natural state; generally applied to the restoration of metallic oxides to the metallic state. Also, a surgical operation, by which a dislocated bone is restored to its proper situation.

REFINING. The act of purifying any thing; particularly the assaying or purifying gold and silver, by separating them from other bodies which are combined with them.

A

named from its power of dissolving gold. REGULUS (rex, regis, a king). name originally given by the alchemists to metallic matters when separated from other substances by fusion, from their expectation of finding gold, the king of metals, at the bottom of the crucible. It has since been applied to the metal extracted from an ore, as regulus of antimony, of cobalt, &c.

REGURGITATION. The action by which a gas or a liquid passes from the stomach into the mouth without effort.

RELAXATIO UTERI. Relaxation of the uterus; a partial descent of the uterus, when it falls down to the middle of the vagina; if it descend to the labia,

the labia, prolapsus.

REMEDIUM (re, and medeor, to heal). An agent used in palliating or curing diseases. Remedies are psychical or mental, and somatical or corporal.

1. Remedium catholicon (κáloλos, universal). A panacea, or universal remedy. 2. Remedium panchrestum (πãs, all, XpnoTos, useful). A panacea.

3. Remedium polychrestum (πoλùs, many, xpηotos, useful). A remedy which has many virtues, or uses.

REMISSION (remitto, to remit). A cessation of febrile symptoms occurring between the accessions of remittent fever. Also, a diminution of the symptoms of continuous fever.

REMITTENT. The name of a class of Fevers, characterized by remissions and exacerbations, but without intermissions; one paroxysm occurring every twenty-four hours. The species may be distinguished into

1. The Mild Remittent, or Gastric fever of Frank, so termed from its being usually preceded by some affection of the abdominal viscera. The remittent fever of infancy, generally ascribed to worms, does not essentially differ from this species.

2. The Malignant Remittent, of which there are four varieties; viz.—

1. The Autumnal Remittent, or the
febris continua gastrica of Frank.
2. The Yellow Fever, so denominated
from the lemon or orange hue pre-
sented by the whole surface of the
body; this is the febris gastrico-
nervosa of Frank.

3. The Burning Remittent, denomi-
nated causus by Hippocrates; and
by Frank, febris gastrico-inflamma-
toria, from its being usually accom-
panied with much disturbance of the
stomach and intestines.
4. The Asthenic Remittent, inclining
to a deep nervous depression, senso-
rial debility, or a typhous character;
of this kind were the noted epidemic
of Breslaw, the hybrid fever of Blane,
&c.; the malignant pestilential fever
of Chisholm, &c. &c.

3. Hectic fever. This is arranged by some among continued, by some among remittent, and by others among intermittent fevers.

REN, RENES (péw, to flow). The reins, or kidneys; the secreting organs of the urine.

Renes succenturiati.

Capsulæ atra

small bodies placed above the kidneys, and embracing their upper extremity; they are hollow and oval in the adult, prismatic and granulated in the fœtus. See Succenturiatus.

RENCULUS (dim. of ren, the kidney). The name of each distinct lobe of the kidney, in the embryo of the mammalia, and of the human subject.

RENNET. A fluid made by infusing the rennet bag, or inner coat of a calf's stomach in hot water.

Rennet whey. Serum lactis. Milk 2 pints, rennet half an ounce, infused in a little hot water; mix, and keep in a gentle heat for some hours, then strain.

REPELLANT (repello, to drive back). An application which causes a disease to recede from the surface of the body.

REPLUM. A leaf of a door. A term applied, in botany, to the frame-work formed by the separation of the two sutures of a legume from the valves, as in carmichaelia.

REPRODUCTION (reproduco, to produce again). Generation, or the continuation of the species.

REPTILIA (repo, to creep). The third class of the Encephalata, or Vertebrata, consisting of reptiles, most of which are terrestrial.

1. Chelonia (xéλus, a tortoise). The tortoise tribe; the turtle, &c.

2. Sauria (σaupa, a lizard). The lizard tribe; the crocodile, &c.

3. Ophidia (őpis, a serpent). The serpent tribe; the boa, viper, &c.

4. Batrachia (ẞáτpaxos, a frog). The frog tribe; the salamander, &c.

REPULSION (repello, to repel). That effect of caloric, by which the particles of a body, into which it enters, are removed from each other. It is the antagonist of attraction.

RESEDA LUTEOLA. Dyer's Weed, Yellow Weed, Weld, or Wold; an indigenous plant, employed to give a fine, permanent yellow colour to cottons, silks, and woollens, in a variety of shades, by the aid of alum, &c.

RESI'NA. Rosin, or common resin; the residue of the process for obtaining oil of turpentine. When the product contains a little water, it is opaque, and termed yellow rosin; when the water is expelled, it becomes transparent rosin; at a still higher degree of distillation, it becomes brown or black rosin, or colophony.

1. Flockton's patent rosin. A pale