pupil is formed, when the natural one has become useless from opacity of the transparent cornea. PURGATIVES (purgo, to cleanse). Active cathartics. See Cathartic. PURIFORM (pus, matter; forma, likeness). Resembling pus. PURL. A beverage formed by the infusion of absinthium, or common wormwood, in ale. PURPLE OF CASSIUS. A purplecoloured powder, precipitated when protochloride of tin is added to a dilute solution of gold. PURPURA. Literally, the purple, or livid disease. Scorbutus, or Scurvy; an eruption of small, distinct, purple specks and patches, attended with languor, general debility, and pains in the limbs. The term purpura originally denoted the shell-fish from which the purple dye was produced; hence it was used for the dye itself, and was transferred to the disease from the analogy of colour. PURPURATE. A combination of purpuric acid with a salifiable base. PURPURIC ACID. An acid first de scribed by Dr. Prout, and named by Dr. Wollaston from its remarkable tendency to form red or purple-coloured salts with alkaline bases. It is obtained from uric or lithic acid. PURSINESS (pursy, from poussif, French). The colloquial term for obesity in stunted persons. PURULENT (pus, matter). Of the nature of pus; attended with pus. PUS (πov, matter). The fluid formed by the process of suppuration; a matter consisting of globules larger than those of the blood. PUSH. A common phlegmon, differing from a boil or furunculus, in containing uniform and mature pus; that of the boil always containing a core. PUTREFACTION (putris, putrid; facio, to make). The spontaneous decomposition of animal or vegetable matters, attended with foetor; a species of fermentation. PUTRID FEVER. A name given to typhus, from its symptoms of putrescency. It has been called spotted fever, from its being attended with petechiæ, or flea-bite spots; and by the Spaniards, tavardillo, from tavardo, a spotted cloak. PUTRILAGE. A term applied to animal matters which are partly decomposed. PYINE (TUOV, pus). A peculiar matbock in solution in pus. Vogel doubts ter, besides albumen, found by Gueterwhether it is an essential component of pus. The same matter is contained in mucus. PYLO'RUS (Túλn, a gate; ❝рpa, care). Literally, a gate-keeper. The lower and contracted orifice of the stomach, guarding the entrance into the bowels. See Esophagus, or the porter. An incorrect Valve of the pylorus. designation of a circular rim placed internally at the narrowest part of the pylorus; it is merely a replication of the coats of the stomach. PYRAMID. A conical bony eminence situated on the posterior wall of the tympanum, immediately behind the fenestra ovalis. 1. Pyramidális. A muscle arising from the pubes, and inserted into the linea alba, near half way between the pubes and umbilicus. It assists the rectus. 2. Pyramidalis nasi. A slip of the occipito-frontalis muscle, which goes down over the nasal bones, and is fixed to the compressor nasi. 3. Emmentia pyramidalis. A small, PUSTULA (of the matter or nature of hollow, conical eminence, situated bepus, from Tuоv, pus; üλŋ, matter.hind the fenestra ovalis, and at the lower Good). A pustule; an elevation of the part of the prominence formed by the cuticle, with an inflamed base, containing aqueduct of Fallopius. pus. The varieties, as given by Bateman, are phlyzacium, psydracium, achor, and favus. Pustule malignant. A form of mortification, generally believed to originate in horned cattle, and to be communicated from them to man. It is the charbon of the French. PUTAMEN (puto, to prune or cut). A synonymous term for the endocarp, or innermost layer of the pericarp, of osseous fruits. 4. The name pyramidalis was also given by Winslow, Casserius, and others, to the levator labii superioris alæque nasi, from its dividing into two small fasciculi, one of which is implanted into the alæ nasi, while the other goes to the upper lip; it is thus pyramidal, with its base downward. PYRETHRIN. The active principle of the root of the Anacyclus Pyrethrum, or Pellitory of Spain. PYRETOLOGY (TUρETòs, fever, λóyos, an account). A description or treatise of | That branch of science which investifevers. gates the dilatation of bodies by heat. PYRIFORMIS (pyrus, a pear; forma, 10. Pyro-phorus (pépw, to carry). An likeness). Pear-shaped; a muscle arising artificial product, which takes fire on exfrom the hollow of the sacrum, and in-posure to the air: hence it has been called, serted into the cavity at the root of the in Germany, luft-zunder, or air-tinder. trochanter major: it is also called pyra- It is prepared from alum by calcination, midalis. It moves the thigh. with various inflammable substances PYRMONT WATER. A celebrated mineral spring at Pyrmont, a village in the circle of Westphalia, in Germany. PYRO- (Tup, fire). Words compounded with this term denote the presence of fire, heat, fever, &c. 1. Pyr-acid. An acid produced by the destructive distillation of an organic acid, 11. Pyrósis (πúρwσis, burning; from up, fire). Pain in the epigastrium, as of extreme heat (emphatically called by the French, fer chaud), with eructation of This disease is called in watery fluid. England black-water; and in Scotland water-brash. 12. Pyro-techny (réxvn, art). The art as the pyro-citric, by decomposition of of fire, or the management and applica tion of fire in chemical operations. the citric, &c. 5. Pyro-digitalina. Empyreumatic oil of foxglove, obtained by destructive distillation of the dried leaves. Similar terms have been suggested for the empyreumatic oils of other plants, as pyrodaturia, pyro-hyoscyamia, &c. 6. Pyro-ligneous acid. An acid obtained by distillation from wood. In its strongest form it is acetic acid. 7. Pyro-ligneous spirit. A substance produced during the distillation of wood. It is more volatile than alcohol, but burns very well in a spirit lamp, and has the advantage of being cheap. 8. Pyro-meter (μéтρov, a measure). An instrument for measuring high temperatures. Wedgewood's pyrometer is founded on the principle, that clay progressively contracts in its dimensions, as it is progressively exposed to higher degrees of heat. The indications of Daniell's pyrometer result from a difference in the expansion and contraction of a platinum bar, and a tube of black lead ware in which it is contained: these differences are made available by connecting an index with the platinum bar, which traverses a circular scale fixed on to the tube. 9. Pyro-metry (μéтpov, a measure). A 13. Pyr-othonide (0óvn, linen). liquid prepared by distilling rags, and then called rag-oil; but commonly procured by burning a cone of paper on a plate, and then termed paper-oil. It is a popular remedy for tooth-ache. Another, and a more classical, name for 14. Pyro-xylic spirit (úλov, wood). pyro-ligneous spirit. This was formerly termed by Mr. Taylor, pyroligneous ether. PYROLACEE. The Winter-green tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants with leaves either wanting or simple, entire or toothed; flowers monopetalous; stamens hypogynous, double the number of the petals; ovarium superior, many-seeded; seeds winged. Pyrola umbellata. Ground Holly, Winter Green, or Pipsisewa; a plant much celebrated for its specific action on the urinary organs. It is now called Chimaphila umbellata. In America it is called the King's Cure. PYRRHIN (Tuppòs, red). A term applied by Zimmermann to an atmospheric organic substance which reddens solu tions of silver. PYRUS AUCUPARIA. The Mountain Ash; a Pomaceous plant, which yields a large quantity of hydrocyanic acid. Pyrus cydonia. The former name of the Quince, now termed Cydonia vulgaris; it has all the characters of Pyrus, except that the cells of the fruit are many-seeded, and the seeds enveloped in a thick soluble mucus. PYXIDIUM (pyxis, a box). A fruit which dehisces by a transverse incision, so that, when ripe, the seed and their placenta appear as if seated in a cup, covered by an operculum or lid, as in hyoscyamus, anagallis, &c. Q Q. S. An abbreviation, employed in prescriptions, for quantum sufficit, or quantum satis, as much as is sufficient. QUACK (quacken, Dutch). A term applied, by way of derision, to a person who professes to cure all diseases by a single remedy; also to remedies which are sold under the protection of a patent. A list of these remedies and their composition will be found under the article Patent Medicines, in the Appendix. 3. Quadratus gena. A name given to the muscle, otherwise called depressor labii inferioris. QUADRI- (quatuor, four). A Latin prefix, denoting the number four, and corresponding with the Greek tetra, as in quadri-locular, four-celled; tetraspermous, four-seeded. QUADRIGEMINUS. Four double; a term applied to four tubercles situated on the upper part of the posterior surface of the brain; the two upper tubercles are called the nates, the two lower the testes. QUADRUMANA (quatuor, four, manus, a hand). Four-handed; the designation of an order of Mammalia, includ QUADRANT ELECTROMETER. An instrument for estimating the degree or intensity of electricity, invented by Mr. Henley. The differences of electric intensity are denoted by an index which traverses a quadrant divided into ninetying the monkey, the lemur, &c., which equal parts, called degrees. QUADRATUS. The name of several muscles, derived from their square, or oblong, form. These are 1. Quadratus lumborum, arising from the crest of the ilium, and inserted into the last rib, and the transverse processes of the first four lumbar vertebræ. It inclines the loins to one side; and when both act, they bend the loins forward. 2. Quadratus femoris, arising from the tuber ischii, and inserted into the intertrochanteral line. It moves the thigh backwards. have a moveable thumb on their lower extremities opposed to the fingers; all their extremities are, in fact, instruments of prehension. QUADRUPLICI (quatuor, four, plica, a fold). A Latin numeral, denoting fourfold. QUALM. A Saxon term for a sudden attack of sickness. QUANTITY. Under this article is shown the correspondence between the French and English Weights and Measures, as calculated by Dr. Duncan, jun. 1.-Measures of Length: the Metre being at 32°, and the Foot at 62°. * Decided by Capt. Kater to be 39-37079 inches. (Phil. Trans. 1818, p. 109.) To these may be added the following English Weights and Measures. N.B.-The English ale gallon contains 282 cubical inches. QUARANTINE (quarante, forty). | a single quartan, with three paroxysms The trial which passengers and goods are obliged to undergo in ships supposed to be infected with some disease. It consists in their being stationed at a distance from the shore for a certain period, perhaps forty days. QUART (quart, fourth). The fourth part; a quarter; the fourth part, or a quarter, of a gallon. QUARTAN AGUE. A species of intermittent fever, in which the intermission is generally about seventy-two hours, the paroxysm commencing in the afternoon; the usual duration being under nine hours. The varieties, as given by Dr. Good, are 1. The double quartan, in which the paroxysms of the one set occur in the intermissions of the other, evincing a difference of duration or of violence, with an interval on the third day only. 2. The triple quartan, consisting of a single quartan with regularly returning paroxysms, while each of the intervening days is marked with a slighter or separate attack. 3. The duplicate quartan, consisting of a single quartan, with two paroxysms on the regular day of attack, the intervals being of ordinary duration. on the regular day of attack, the intervals being undisturbed, and of ordinary duration. QUARTATION (quartus, the fourth). An operation by which the quantity of one substance is made equal to a fourth part of the quantity of another: thus, in separating gold from silver, three parts of silver are added to the supposed gold, and they are then fused together, the gold thus becoming at most one fourth of the mass only. They are then parted by the action of nitric acid. QUARTERN (quartus, fourth). A gill, or a fourth part of a pint. QUARTINE (quartus, fourth). The name of the fourth membrane or envelope of the nucleus in plants, as described by Mirbel. QUASSIA AMARA. A SimarubaIceous plant, which has been employed in medicine under the name of Surinam quassia wood. The name Quassia is that of a black slave, who employed the root as a secret remedy in the case of endemic malignant fevers at Surinam. 1. Quassia chips. The commercial name for the intensely bitter wood of a Simarubaceous plant, referred by some to the Quassia amara, by others to the 4. The triplicate quartan, consisting of Picræna excelsa. 2. Quassite. The term applied by Wiggers to the bitter principle of quassia wood. QUATERNARY (quaternarius, of the number four). A term applied in chemistry to those compounds which contain four elements, as gum, fibrin, &c. The term is also applied to any arrangement in which the prevailing number is four, as in the floral envelopes of Cruciferous plants, &c. QUATERNI, QUATERNATI. Latin numerals occurring in compound terms, and denoting four together. QUEASINESS. A term of uncertain origin, denoting nausea. with the Greek pente, as quinque-fid, pent-andria, &c. QUINQUINO. The Myrospermum peruiferum, an Amyridaceous plant, which yields the balsam of Peru. QUINSY (squinsy, or squinansy, of the old writers; a term derived from the Greek root cynanche, through the intermediate corruption of the French word esquinancie). Paristhmitis; throat affection, or sore throat. See Megrim. QUINTAN. A form of intermittent which recurs every fourth day. QUINTESSENCE (quinta essentia, a fifth being). A term denoting, in alchemical language, the fifth and last, or highest essence of any natural body. It is now applied to any extract which contains all the virtues of a substance in a QUERCITRON. The bark of the Quercus tinctoria, or Dyers' Oak. It yields a yellow colouring matter, called quercitrin, and quercitronic acid. QUERCUS. A genus of plants of the small quantity; to the most volatile part of order Cupuliferæ, or the Oak tribe. 1. Quercus pedunculata. The Common British Oak, every part of which, but especially the liber, possesses an astringent property. 2. Quercus infectoria. The Gall or Dyers' Oak, which yields the nutgalls of commerce. 3. Quercus tinctoria. The Black Oak, the bark of which, called quercitron, is used by dyers. 4. Quercus suber. The Cork Oak, the cortical layers of which constitute the cork of commerce. 5. Quercus coccifera. A species of oak infested by an insect belonging to the genus Coccus, and yielding the kermes dye, from which scarlet cloths are often prepared. QUICKLIME. The protoxide of calcium, a compound obtained by exposing carbonate of lime to a strong red heat, so as to expel its carbonic acid. QUICKSILVER (quick, the old Saxon term for living, as expressive of mobility). Argentum vivum. Mercury. QUINARY (quinarius, of the number five). A term applied to a system in which the prevailing number is five. Thus, in dicotyledonous plants, the floral envelopes in most cases present this number, five sepals, five petals, separate or combined. QUINI, QUINATI. Latin numerals, occurring in compound terms, and denoting five together. QUININE. An alkaloïd found in the bark of several species of Cinchona. See Cinchona. QUINQUE. A Latin numeral denoting the number five, and corresponding a substance, as being considered the most valuable; and sometimes to alcohol, when it contains some pharmaceutic agent. QUINTINE (quintus, fifth). The name of the fifth membrane or envelope of the nucleus in plants, as described by Mirbel. It is the vesicula amnios of Malpighi, the additional membrane of Brown, and the sac of the embryo of Adolphe Brongniart. QUINTUPLICI (quinque, five, plica, a fold). A Latin numeral, denoting five-fold. QUOTIDIAN AGUE. A species of intermittent fever, in which the intermission is about every twenty-four hours, the paroxysm commencing in the morning; the usual duration being under eighteen hours. The varieties as given by Dr. Good, are 1. The partial quotidian, in which the febrile attack is confined to a particular part or organ, and usually accompanied with distressing pain. 2. The catenating quotidian, in which the disease associates with, or gives rise to, various foreign symptoms, or other diseases. 3. The protracted quotidian, in which the intermission is inordinately short or imperfect. This is the quotidiana continua of the Latins, and the amphimerina of the Greeks. 4. The anticipating quotidian of Dr. Fordyce, in which the paroxysm precedes its antecedent period usually by about two hours, and continues the same foremarch at every recurrence. This is the febris subintrans of Frank, &c. 5. The retarding quotidian, of Dr. Fordyce, forming a direct counterpart to the anticipating. |