PAPILLA (dim. of papula, a pimple). A teat, or nipple. The term papilla denotes the small eminences which constitute the roughness of the upper surface of the tongue. They are distinguished PANICLE (panicula, the woof wound | round the quill in the shuttle). A form of inflorescence, in which the flower-buds of a raceme have, in elongating, developed other flower-buds, as in the oat. When the rachis of inflorescence separates irre-asgularly into branches, so as to lose the form of an axis, this is called by Willdenow a deliquescent panicle. PANIFICATION (panis, bread, fio, to become). The process of making bread. PANIS. Bread. The following terms are of usual occurrence:-panis triticeus, wheaten bread; mica panis, crumb of bread; panis tostus, toasted bread, for making toast-water; panis furfuraceus, brown or bran bread; panis biscoctus, biscuit; panis nauticus, sea-biscuit. PANNICULUS CARNOSUS (panniculus, dim. of pannus, a covering, and caro, carnis, flesh). A fleshy covering; a set of subcutaneous muscular bands, which serve to erect the 'quills upon the fretful porcupine,' the hedge-hog, &c. PANNUS. Literally, a piece of cloth, or a rag. The designation of that state of vascularity of the cornea, in which its mucous covering is so loosened and thickened as to present the appearance of a dense pellicle. PAPAVERACEÆ. The Poppy tribe of Dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants with leaves divided, alternate; flowers polypetalous, single on long peduncles; petals 4, or some multiple of 4, cruciate; stamens hypogynous; ovarium solitary; seeds numerous. 1. Papaver somniferum. The White Poppy, the capsules of which yield opium. 2. Papaver rhoeas. The Corn or Red Poppy, the petals of which are used to impart their fine red colour to syrup. PAPAW. The Carica Papaya, a tree with a milky juice, containing fibrin in such abundance, that the juice bears a most extraordinary resemblance to animal matter. PAPER COAL. A bituminous shale, which separates into thin laminæ of coal, like paper. PAPILIONACEOUS (papilio, a butterfly). A form of corolla resembling a butterfly, and found in all the leguminous plants of Europe. Of the five petals, the uppermost is dilated, and called vexillum, or the standard; the two lateral are contracted and parallel, and called ale, or the wings; the two lower are contracted, parallel, generally coherent by their anterior margin, and termed carina, or the keel. Situated 1. Papillæ circumvallatæ. on the dorsum of the tongue, near its roof, and forming a row on each side, which meets its fellow at the middle line, like the two branches of the letter A. They resemble cones attached by the apex to the bottom of a cup-shaped depression, and are hence named calyciformes. This cup-shaped cavity forms a kind of fossa around the papillæ, and hence they are called circumvallatæ. 2. Papillæ conicæ et filiformes. Covering the whole surface of the tongue in front of the circumvallatæ, but most abundant at the tip; of a conical and filiform shape, with their points directed backward Irregularly 3. Papilla fungiformes. dispersed over the dorsum of the tongue, and having rounded heads. PAPILLA CONICA. The small flattened prominence formed by the optic nerve in the interior of the globe, at its fundus. PAPPUS (πάππος). The down or mossiness of the under lip, the cheek, &c. The botanical term for the feathery appendage which crowns the fruit of many Composite plants, and which is, in fact, a reduced calyx. PAPULA (" of the matter or nature of pappus; from яάжжоs, the sprouting of down or buds, and üλn (ulè or ilè), matter."-Good). A pimple; a small, acuminated elevation of the cuticle, with an inflamed base, very seldom containing a fluid, or suppurating, and commonly terminating in scurf; it is the ecthyma and exormia of the Greeks. The varieties of papulous eruptions, according to Bateman, are scrophulus, lichen, and prurigo. Papulæ ardentes. A term applied by Gotwald to the trailing vesications which occurred in the Dantzic plague, and which Goodwin translates fire-bladders. At first they were as small as a millet seed; and, when larger, they were termed in Holland, grana piperis. PARA- (Taρá). A Greek preposition, signifying, through, near, about, &c. In some chemical compounds it denotes near to, and expresses a close alliance between two compounds. 1. Para-centésis (Kevтéw, to perforate). The operation of tapping, or making an opening into the abdomen, thorax, or bladder, for the purpose of discharging the fluid contained in them in disease. 2. Par-acusis (άкovw, to hear). A peculiar state of the hearing, in which deaf persons hear sounds better when a loud noise prevails at the same time. Of this, Willis describes two cases;-one, of a person who could maintain a conversation only when a drum was beat near him; the other, of a person who could hear only when a bell was ringing. 3. Para-cyanogen. A black coaly matter, obtained by decomposing cyanide of mercury. 4. Para-lysis (λów, to relax). Palsy; the total loss, or diminution, of sensation or of motion, or of both; the resolutio nervorum of Cullen. 5. Para-lysis agitans. The Shaking Palsy of Mr. Parkinson; the scelotyrbe festinans of Sauvages; and, from the peculiarity of the patient's gait, it has been called by Good, synclonus ballismus, a term derived from Baλλicw, to dance. 6. Para-menispermia. A crystalline substance, besides menispermia, found in the seed-coat of cocculus indicus. 7. Para-morphia. Another name for thebaine, a crystallizable base existing in opium, and named from its being isomeric with morphia. 8. Para-naphthaline. A substance which accompanies naphthaline in tar. 9. Para-phimosis (piμów, to bridle). Circumligatura. An affection of the prepuce, when it is drawn quite behind the glans penis, and cannot be brought forward again. This is the strangulating phimosis of Good. Compare Phimosis. 10. Para-plegia (λnoow, to strike). That species of paralysis in which the lower half of the body is more or less impaired in its nervous power. 11. Para-site (oiros, provisions). Literally, a hanger on at the tables of the great. This term is used to designate animals which are found in the organs, intestines, blood, &c., of other living animals, and appear to live at their expense, as the hydatids of the brain, intestinal worms, &c. It is also the general name of plants which grow upon others, as moss, misletoe, &c. 12. Para-stata (ioraμai, to be placed). Another name for the epididymis. 13. Para-tartaric. The name of an acid resembling the tartaric, and also called racemic. 14. Par-egoric (napayoрeuw, to mitigate). A medicine which allays pain. The paregoric elixir is the Tinctura Camphoræ composita of the pharmacopoeia. 15. Par-enchyma (eyxów, to pour in). A term employed by Erasistratus, from an idea that the common mass, or inner substance of a viscus, is produced by concreted blood, strained off through the pores of the blood-vessels, which enter into its general structure, or membranes. It is now applied to the spongy substance composing the lungs, the liver, &c.; and to all the pulpy parts of plants. 16. Par-isthmitis (io0uòs, the fauces). Paristhmia of Hippocrates. Inflammation about the throat; the squincy or squinancy of the old writers, and the cynanche, or angina, of the moderns. 17. Par-onychia (ővvs, the nail). An abscess at the end of the finger, near the nail; a whitlow. When the effusion presses on the periosteum, it is a malignant form, and is termed felon. 18. Par-otid (ovs, ¿ròs, the ear). The name of the large salivary gland situated near the ear. Its excretory ducts, uniting, form the duct of Steno. 19. Par-otitis (Tapwris, the parotid gland). Inflammation of the parotid gland; the cynanche parotidea of Cullen. It is called in this country, mumps; in Scotland, branks; and in France, oreillons and our les. 20. Par-oxysm (ofùs, sharp). A periodical exacerbation, or fit, of a disease. 21. Par-ulis (ovλov, the gum). Inflammation, boil, or abscess of the gums. 22. In the following terms, used by Dr. Good, the preposition uniformly signifies faultiness, or a morbid state. Par-acusis .......... ......Morbid hearing. Par-apsis............ Morbid touch. Para-bysma .......Morbid congestion. Para-cyesis .Morbid pregnancy. Para-geusis......... Morbid taste. Para-menia......... Mis-menstruation. Para-phonia ......Altered voice. Par-odinia ......... Morbid labour. Par-oniria .........Depraved dreaming. Par-opsis............Depraved vision. Par-osmis............Morbid smell. Par-ostia............ Mis-ossification. ..Mis-micturition. PARAFFIN. Petroline. A particular hydro-carbon produced in the distillation of wood. Its name is derived from parum affinis, denoting its remarkable indifference to other bodies, in a chemical point of view. Par-uria given by Batka to smilacin, the active which investigates the nature of disprinciple of sarsaparilla. PARIGLIN. The name given by Palotta to smilacin, a principle of sarsaparilla. PARKER'S CEMENT. A brown powder, which, when mixed with water, gradually sets, and becomes solid. It may be used for making the joints of chemical vessels tight. PARTURIFACIENT (parturio, to bring forth, facio, to cause). A medicine which excites uterine action, or facilitates parturition, as ergot. PARTURITION (parturio, to bring forth). The act of bringing forth, or being delivered of, children. PAR VAGUM (wandering pair). The name of the eighth pair of nerves, or pneumo-gastric. See Nerves. PASTILLUS. Literally, a perfumed or sweet ball. A medicine in the form of a small round ball; a lozenge. PATE. Pasta. A paste; a preparation of sugary and mucilaginous substances. Pâte de guimauve is a demulcent lozenge prepared from the root of the Althæa officinalis. PATE ARSENICALE. Arsenical paste, composed of cinnabar, dragon's blood, and arsenious acid, and employed to cauterize cancerous wounds. PATELLA (dim. of patina, a pan). Literally, a small pan. The knee-pan. PATENT YELLOW. A pigment, consisting of chloride and protoxide of lead; also called mineral yellow. PATHETICI (Tábos, passion). Trochleares. A name given by Willis to the fourth pair of nerves, because the eyes, by means of these, express certain passions. PATHOGNOMONIC (πábos, disease, yváμov, a discerner). A term applied to symptoms which are characteristic of, and peculiar to, a disease. PATHOLOGY (πá@os, disease, Aóyos, an account). That branch of medicine eases. PAULINA CONFECTIO. A warm opiate, similar to the confectio opii. PAVILION. The name of the ala, or greater part of the external ear. PEARL. A spherical concretion formed within the pearl oyster. Sir Everard Home considered that the abortive ova of the animal were the nuclei upon which the pearls were formed. PEARL ASH. The name of potash when it is calcined, and of a whitish pearly lustre. It is employed in making flint glass, soap, &c. PEARL BARLEY. Common barley divested of its cuticle, and rounded and polished in a mill, so as to acquire a pearly appearance. PEARL-EYE. Pearl in the eye. The old English name of cataract. PEARL POWDER. A powder used by perfumers, and obtained from the nitric solution of bismuth, by adding a proportion of muriatic acid, and then precipitating by a small quantity of water. In this way it is obtained in the form of minute scales of a pearly lustre. PEARL-WHITE. Magistery of Bismuth; the sub-nitrate of bismuth. PEAS FOR ISSUES. These are made of tow, or flax, rolled up with gum water and wax; to which are sometimes added powdered savine, cantharides, or verdigris orange peas from the unripe Curaçoa oranges are also used. PECCANT (pecco, to be in fault). A term applied by the humoral pathologists to those humors of the body which were supposed to be faulty in quality or in quantity. PECTEN, PECTINIS (pecto, to comb). A comb, or crest. A pyramidal plicated process, situated in the posterior and external part of the cavity of the eye in birds, and covered with pigment. It is also called marsupium. 1. Pectinati musculi. A designation of the muscular fasciculi of the heart, from their resemblance to the teeth of a comb. 2. Pectineus. A flat quadrangular muscle arising from the pectineal line of the os pubis, and inserted into the line leading from the trochanter minor to the linea aspera. PECTIC ACID (TNKтis, a coagulum). A substance obtained from the carrot and other vegetables, so named from its remarkable tendency to gelatinize. PECTIN. A principle which forms the basis of vegetable jelly. PECTOR A'LIS (pectus, the breast). The name of two muscles of the trunk: 1. Pectoralis major, arising from half the clavicle, all the edge of the sternum, and the cartilages of the three lower true ribs, and inserted into the outer border of the occipital groove of the humerus. It moves the arm forwards, &c., and is a muscle of respiration. 2. Pectoralis minor, arising from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, and inserted into the coracoïd process of the scapula. It draws the shoulder-bone forwards and downwards, and elevates the ribs. PELLICLE (dim. of pellis, the skin or hide of a beast, flayed off). A thin | skin, or film. Among chemists, it denotes a thin surface of crystals uniformly spread over a saline liquor evaporated to a certain degree. PELLITORY. The root of the Anacyclus Pyrethrum, imported from the Levant under the name of Pellitory of Spain. PELOSIN. A colourless substance lately extracted from the root of the Cissampelos pareira. It is a powerful base, forming salts with several acids. PEMPHIGUS (πέμφιξ, πέμφιγος, α small blister or pustule). Febris vesicularis, ampullosa, vel bullosa. A term applied by Sauvages to vesicular or bladder fever, a disease belonging to the PELVIS (Téλus, a basin). The basin, or the large bony cavity which terminates PECTORALS (medicamenta pectoralia, the trunk inferiorly, containing the urifrom pectus, pectoris, the breast). Medi-nary and genital organs, and, in women, cines which relieve disorders of the chest. the uterus. PECTORILOQUY (pectus, the breast, loquor, to speak). A chest-sound; a voice which appears to proceed directly from the chest, and to traverse the tube of the stethoscope. PEDICEL (pedicellus, dim: of pedicu-order Bulle of Bateman. A form of this lus). A partial flower stalk. When several peduncles spring from the axis, at short distances from each other, the axis is termed rachis, and the peduncles are called pedicels. PEDICULATION (pediculus, a louse). Phtheiriasis. An affection in which lice are bred under the skin. disease prevails among children in many parts of Ireland, where it is called white blisters, burnt holes, eating hive, &c. PENICILLUS (dim. of peniculum, a brush). A tent, or pledget. Any thing which has its end divided like a painter's brush; in this sense the extremities of the vena porta have been termed peni PEDICULUS (dim. of pes, a foot). cilli. Literally, a little foot. A louse. 1. Pediculus humanus. The common louse, infesting the head. 2. Pediculus pubis. The morpio, or crab-louse, infesting the pubes. PEDILUVIUM (pes, pedis, the foot; lavo, to wash). A foot-bath. PEDUNCULUS (pedo, one that has broad or splay feet). A person somewhat splay-footed. A peduncle; the axis of the flower-bud, from the point of connexion with the stem, as far as the floral envelopes. The term pedunculi is applied to two medullary cords which connect the pineal gland to the optic thalami. PELLAGRA. An affection in which a morbid condition of the skin is a prominent symptom; it is very prevalent among the peasantry of the northern states of Italy. It is called mal del sole, from its being ascribed to the heat of the sun's rays; Italian elephantiasis, &c. The term is commonly derived from pellis agria, or wild skin; but it would seem that the old Italian name for it was pellarella. PENIS. The male organ of generation, consisting of three lengthened bodies, closely united to each other, viz. the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongi osum. PENNIFORM (penna, a feather or quill, forma, likeness). Feather-shaped; a term applied to those muscles which have their fibres arranged on each side of the tendon, as the rectus femoris. Semi-penniform. Half-feather-shaped ; the designation of those muscles which have their fibres arranged on one side of the tendon, as the peronæus longus. PENNY ROYAL. The common name of the Mentha pulegium. Under the same name, the Hedeoma pulegioides is highly reputed in North America as an emmenagogue. PENTANDRIA (πέντε, fve, ἀνὴρ, a man). Having five stamens; the character of the fifth class of plants in Linnæus's system. Pentagynia (πévтe, five, yuvǹ, a woman). Having five pistils; an ordinal character in Linnæus's system of plants. PEPO. A gourd; a three-celled fleshy indehiscent fruit, with parietal placentæ, as the cucumber. PEPPER. The berries of the Piper nigrum. The hot acrid black pepper of the shops consists of the berries with the pulp adhering; the white pepper is the same thing, only the pulp is washed off before the fruit is dried. They yield a crystalline substance called piperin. Long Pepper. The dried female spikes of the Piper longum, composed of firmlyunited 1-seeded drupes. PEPSIN (TÉTT∞, to digest). A peculiar animal principle secreted by the stomach, and present in the gastric juice. It is usually prepared by infusing the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach of the calf, which is known as rennet. PEPTIC (TÉлтw, to ripen). Any substance which is digestible. Hence the term peptics, applied to medicines which promote digestion. PER-. A Latin preposition, which, when prefixed to the name of an oxide, indicates the presence of the greatest quantity of oxygen which can exist in a compound of such materials, as in peroxide. Bi-per-. This double prefix is used, when there is more than one atom of oxygen in the base, as well as an unequal number of atoms of acid and base, as in the bi-per-sulphate of mercury, where bi indicates the presence of two atoms of acid, and per that the mercury is in the form of a per-oxide. PER-ACUTE. Very sharp; a term applied to diseases when greatly aggravated, or attended by considerable inflammation. Per is an intensive particle. PERCOLATION (percolo, to strain through). Filtration; the passing of fluids through a strainer. PERCUSSION (percutio, to strike). The act of striking upon the chest, abdomen, &c., with the view of producing sounds by which the state of the subjacent parts may be ascertained. This is distinguished into 1. Direct percussion, which consists in striking the surface of the chest, &c., with one, two, or more fingers, and observing the degree and quality of the sounds produced; and, 2. Mediate percussion, which differs from the former chiefly in the employment of a small plate of ivory, called a pleximeter, a piece of leather or caoutchouc, or the second phalanx of the forefinger of the left hand; one of these is placed on the part to be examined, and struck with the pulpy ends of the middle and forefinger of the right hand. 3. The scale of sounds which may be distinguished on the surface of the body are the following, beginning with the dullest :-the femoral, the jecoral, the cardial, the pulmonal, and the stomachal, the clearest of all. Besides these, there are the osteal, the humoric (when organs are filled with air and liquid), the hydatic, and 4. The bruit de pot félé, a sound heard on percussing over a cavity near the surface of the lungs, usually at the upper part of the chest. It resembles the noise of a cracked earthenware vessel, when struck with the finger. PERFORANS (perforo, to pierce through). A designation of the flexor digitorum profundus, from its perforating the tendon of the flexor sublimis. Nervus perforans Casserii. Another name for the musculo-cutaneus, or external cutaneous nerve. PERFORATION (perforo, to pierce). A term employed to denote a solution of continuity, from disease of the parietes of a hollow organ, as of the intestines. Spontaneous perforation is that which occurs without having been preceded by any perceptible modification of function, local or general. PERFORATUS (perforo, to bore through). Bored through; a term applied to 1. The coraco-brachialis muscle, from its being perforated by the external cutaneous nerve, as discovered by Casserius. 2. The flexor digitorum communis sublimis muscle, from its tendon being perforated by the tendon of the flexor profundus. PERI- (Teρí). A Greek preposition, signifying around, &c. 1. Peri-anthium (avlos, a flower). A collective term for the floral envelopes, when it is not evident whether they consist of calyx and corolla, or of calyx only, as in tulip. 2. Peri-cardium (kapdía, the heart). A fibro-serous membrane 'which surrounds the heart. 3. Peri-carditis. Inflammation of the pericardium. Carditis is inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart. 4. Peri-carp (Kаρπós, fruit). That part of a fruit which constituted the ovarium of the pistil. It consists of an outer coat, or epicarp; an inner coat, called endo |