Any change made upon the termination of a word is called its accident or inflection; thus, the words boy's, harder, its, loved, and sooner, are said to be inflected forms, or, simply, inflections of the words boy, hard, it, love, and soon. Of the nine parts of speech, five only-the noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, and adverb-are declinable, that is, capable of being inflected; while the remaining four-article, preposition, conjunction, and interjection-are undeclinable, that is, cannot be varied in such a way as to express any modification in meaning. The verb is varied in four ways-Number, Person, Mood, and Tense. There are two numbers, singular and plural, as in the case of the noun, and three persons, as in the pro nouns. The Moods are generally reckoned five in number-the Indicative, the Subjunctive, the Potential, the Imperative, and the Infinite. Son. But Chambers says it may well be questioned if there is any real ground for such distinction, as far at least as the Subjunctive and Potential are concerned. The Subjunctive, as it is called, is merely an elliptical mode of expression, and the Potential is made up of two or more verbs, and therefore it can with no propriety be called an inflection of any one of them. Mr. B. Then we are only left the Indicative, by which simple assertions are made; the Imperative, by which commands are issued; and the Infinite, which is neither more nor less than the name of the verb, and in use corresponds exactly to a noun. The Tenses are two in number-the Present and the Past The Future is not expressed by any inflection of the verb The Participles of the verb are likewise two in number.the Perfect and the Imperfect. They are often called the Present and the Past, but in themselves they have no reference to time, and merely indicate the completion or non-completion of an action. By conjugating a verb is meant mentioning the present and past tenses, and the perfect participle. The past tense and perfect participle are formed from the present tense by adding ed if it ends in a consonant, as rain, rained, and simply dif it end in a vowel, as change, changed. If these parts are formed in any other way, the verb is called Irregular; and if it wants any of these it is said to be Defective. The following are a few of the Irregular verbs in most frequent use, or in which mistakes are apt to arise : Practical Questions relating to Gardening, &c. TABLE OF SOLID MEASURE. DUODECIMALS, OR CROSS MULTIPLICATION Is a rule by which artificers cast up the contents of their work. Rule 1. Write the multiplier under the multiplicand, feet under feet, inches under inches, seconds under seconds, &c. 2. Multiply each denomination of the length by the feet of the breadth, beginning at the lowest, and place each product under that denomination of the multiplicand from which it arises, always carrying one for every twelve. 3. Multiply by the inches, and set each product one place further to the right hand. 4. Multiply by the seconds or parts, and set each product another place toward the right hand. 5. Proceed in this manner with all the rest of the denominations, and their sum will be the answer. NOTE.-Feet multiplied by feet give feet. Feet multiplied by inches give inches. 12 Fourths = 12 Thirds = Ft. In. 6- 3 3 2 18 9 1- 0-6 Example: Multiply 6 feet 3 inches by 3-feet 2 inches. In working we begin by multiplying the 3 inches by 3, and then the 6 feet also by the same 3 below it; this gives 18 feet 9 inches. This makes 18.9. We now multiply by the 2 inches, placing the 6 one remove to a side. By then multiplying the 6 by 2 we have 12 inches or one foot, and setting down the 1 below the 18 we add up. The answer is 19 feet 9 inches and 6 seconds. Questions of this kind may also be wrought by decimals. Multiply 6 feet 3 inches by 2 feet 3 inches. Answer:-14 feet 9 seconds. 19-9-6 By Duodecimals. 12 1 14 Multiply 4 feet 5 inches by 3 feet 6 inches. Solid measure is computed arithmetically by multiplying the length by the breadth, and the product by the thickness. Civil engineers and Gardeners who require to calculate the solid contents of masses of earth, with a view to excavation, resort to this simple rule; it is likewise followed by builders in reference to walls, plumbers to cisterns, and other artificers. following is a question not unlikely to occur : The Required the contents of a cistern 9 yards 2 feet in length, 6 yards 2 feet in breadth, and 4 yards 2 feet in depth. Analyse these dimensions-9 yards 2 feet are 29 feet; 6 yards 2 feet are 20 feet. Multiply the 29 by 20 and then multiply by 14 (14 feet being equal to 4 yards 2 feet); next divide by 27 which is the number of solid feet in a solid yard. The question is thus wrought in the margin. The answer is seen to be 300 yards 20 feet. 29 20 580 14 What is the solid content of a piece of timber or stone whose sides are 10 inches by 18, and the length 18 feet? Answer: 22 feet 6 inches. How many solid feet in a border 32 inches in breadth, 18 inches in depth, and 144 feet in height? A sunk fence in the form of a right-angled triangle is 500 feet long, 6 feet in depth, and 8 feet over at top; how many cart loads (27 feet to the load) have been removed in this cutting? Answer:-444 loads or cubic yards 12 feet. 8 6 2) 48 24 500 27) 12000 (444' 108 120 108 120 108 12 feet. The customary method of measuring round timber is, to girt the piece round the middle with a string; then one fourth |