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conduct, and to leave heaven and hell to the ranters.'-Church Parties, 1854, P. 3.

1. 548. Cp. Romans xi. 13.

1. 565. Cp. Pope's 'goes down an unregarded thing,' Mor. Ess. Ep. ii.

252.

1. 579. lustrum;-a period of five years. The word properly meant a purificatory sacrifice. This was offered by the Roman Censors at the conclusion of the census; and as this occurred every five years, the name was transferred to that period of time.

11. 580-95. The Monitor of 'George's days' has since been called a 'back-board,' and is still used occasionally in girls' schools.

1. 596. L. Licinius Lucullus, a noble Roman (born B.C. 110; Consul, B.C. 74; died B.C. 57), after having gained a triumph for his successful conduct of the Mithridatic war, became notorious for his Asiatic luxury and profusion. Horace (who is probably Cowper's authority) gives it as an on dit that Lucullus, when asked if he could furnish 100 chlamydes for use on the stage, replied that he had 5000 of those 'habits' at home (Lib. i. Epist. vi. 40-5): Plutarch says 200 (Vit. Luculli). For a further account of Lucullus, see J. Reid's Academica of Cicero, 1874, p. lviii.

1. 600. With reference to this line, Cowper wrote to Unwin, Aug. 27, 1785, Upon solemn occasions, as in prayer or preaching, for instance, I would be strictly correct; and upon stately ones—for instance, were I writing an epic poem, I would be so likewise; but not upon familiar occasions. God who heareth prayer, is right. Hector who saw Patroclus, is right. And the man that dresses me every day, is in my mind right also;-because the contrary would give an air of stiffness and pedantry to an expression, that in respect of the matter of it cannot be too negligently made up.' Notwithstanding this protest, our author felt himself compelled to yield to what was becoming the usage of his day, and revert to the who and which of Elizabethan days. Mr. Bruce's laborious and valuable collation shows us that 'who' was substituted for that,' in all places where the latter had been used as a relative with a personal antecedent, in the editions of 1787. As early as 1711, Steele had sent to the Spectator (No. 78) his humble Petition of Who and Which ;' wherein these complain, 'We are descended of ancient families, and kept up our dignity and honour many years, till the jack-sprat That supplanted us.' The fact is, they had first driven out that,' which was originally the only relative, and which returned to favour in the latter half of the seventeenth century-probably as conducing more to smoothness of diction. See Mr. Abbott's Shakspearian Grammar, § 258, ed. 1871, P. 175; and cp. note on The Rose,' vol. i.

1. 638. Cp. Pope's Moral Essays, Epist. ii. 235-40:

At last, to follies youth could scarce defend
It grows their age's prudence to pretend;

Ashamed to own they gave delight before,
Reduced to feign it when they give no more:
As hags hold Sabbaths, less for joy than spite,
So these their merry, miserable night.'

1.646. Cp. Thomson's Seasons, Autumn, l. 1238:

6

What though the dome be wanting, whose proud gate

Each morning vomits out the sneaking crowd

Of flatterers false, and in their turn abused?'

1. 648. When the streets of London were dimly lit up with oil lamps, the wealthier sort of persons used to be attended by servants carrying flambeaux, or by hired 'linkboys' with links (or torches of pitch and tow), to light them on their way at night. In 1 Henry IV, iii. 3, Falstaff says, in allusion to Bardolph's fiery nose, 'Thou hast saved me a thousand marks in links and torches, walking with thee in the night, betwixt tavern and tavern.' In London' (1738) Dr. Johnson writes, 1. 234:

'Afar they mark the flambeaux' bright approach

And shun the shining train, and golden coach.'

At the entrance door of many houses in what were formerly the fashionable parts of London, may still be seen, attached to the iron railings, the posthorn-shaped extinguishers, in which these flambeaux were quenched after use. Gas-lighting in London was first introduced in Golden Lane, 1807; was used in Pall Mall in 1809; and became general through the streets from 1814 to 1820.

1. 652. hackney'd ;-carried home in a hackney (or hired) coach, or sedan-chair. It has been asserted that the hackney coach' was so named from the parish of Hackney, near London, as being the place between which and the City the first public coaches for hire plied (in 1625). This was not the fact, and the derivation was invented on the analogy of that of the French fiacre; which had its name from its first starting from the Hotel St. Fiacre in Paris. The word hackney had been current in this country both as subst. and adj. three centuries earlier. It is the Fr. haquenée. which meant the ambling or pacing horse (cheval de louage, i.e. horse for hire) used by the ordinary or peaceful traveller, as distinguished from the destrier of the knight, and the coursier of his man-at-arms. So the sports'man's 'hack' (an abbreviation of hackney) is the roadster which he rides to cover, in order to spare his hunter. Perhaps the earliest use of the word in English literature is in the Romaunt of the Rose (no longer as a whole -ascribed to Chaucer), where we find a hackney' opposed to a 'hors of prise.' The word is common in our early inventories: e.g. in the 'Status 'Domus' of Jarrow Monastery, anno 1313, 'Item in stabulo sunt ij palefridi, et j hakenay' (Surtees Soc. vol. xxix. p. 11). Ménage defines haquenée as equus gradarius; and Brachet derives it from Sp. hacanéa. May it be that the word was after all onomatopoeic, intended to express the sound of

a horse's neigh (cp. Lat. cachinnus)? If it be objected that all horses neigh, and that a particular kind of horse cannot be distinguished by a mark common to all; it may be replied, that this appears to have been the generic name for the riding-horse, (and in early times horses were not used for draught or agricultural purposes)—from which the superior kinds were distinguished by special appellations. From this subst. flowed naturally the several meanings of 'hackney' when used as adj.: viz. ' hired,' 'common,' or worn out, used up.' The horse let on hire was that which had an easy, ambling pace-'the right butterwoman's pace to market'-as being less fatiguing to the traveller, especially if not an habitual horseman. So Florio tells us in his First Fruites (1578) that the hire is a shilling a day for a horse that can amble, and is caparisoned' (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser.. iii. 135). Hence the 'hackney,' or ambling nag, came to mean the 'horse for hire;' and the hackney man,' who flourished amongst us at least as early as 1396 (see Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ii. 355), was he who let out horses on hire, preceding by more than two centuries the hackneycoachman,' who first appeared in London in 1623 or 1625. It therefore seems more probable that the 'hackney coach' was a coach for hire,' than one 'drawn by hackneys.'

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1. 684. catchpole;-old name for a sergeant, or bailiff. Bacon speaks of Under-sheriffs and catch-poles' (Essay 53): and in Essay 56, of 'Catching and poling clerks and ministers.'

1. 708. Cp. Par. Lost, viii. 288:

'Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye,

In every gesture dignity and love.'

1. 741. in truck;—that is, by way of barter or exchange. See note in Vol. i. on Expostulation, 1. 374.

1. 774. oscitancy;-(Lat. oscitare, to open the mouth widely, gape), yawning, sleepiness.

II. 780-96. The Rev. John Cowper, A.M., Fellow of Bene't Coll., and Vicar of Foxton, Cambridgeshire, was born Nov. 13, 1737; and died at Cambridge, March 20, 1770. The Poet left a sketch of his character, with an account of his last illness; which was published from his MSS. by Mr. Newton in 1802, under the title of Adelphi. (See S. 1. 152–64.) In this, his brother writes of him. He was a man of a most candid and ingenuous spirit; his temper remarkably sweet, and in his behaviour to me he had always manifested an uncommon affection. He was critically skilled in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, was beginning to make himself master of the Syriac, and he perfectly understood the French and Italian.' (S. i. 152). Cowper wrote to Hill, Nov. 14, 1772, 'I have been a considerable loser in point of income by my brother's death :'—although a sum of £350 came to him out of John's personal estate. (To Hill, Nov. 5, 1772.)

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1. 785. Bene't College, Cambridge.-C. When I first knew Cam

bridge, I knew that Bene't had a character: it was my father's principal inducement when he chose that college for my brother.'-To Unwin, Nov. 20, 1784. This College, now known as Corpus Christi, has at the present day 'a character' which would have formed a still stronger recommendation of it to the Evangelical poet.

1. 786. Praised, wept, and honour'd by the Muse he loved.' (Pope's Epit. on Craggs, 1. 6.)

11. 792-4. Cp. Wordsworth's Ode to Duty, 1. 9:

There are who ask not if thine eye

Be on them; who, in love and truth,
Where no misgiving is, rely
Upon the genial sense of youth;
Glad hearts! without reproach or blot;
Who do thy work, and know it not.'

1. 803. the quiver, &c. Cp. Psalm cxxvii. 6, 7.

1. 825. Exodus viii. 2-14. 'I do not think that drinkers, gamesters, fornicators, lewd talkers, and profane jesters—men, in short, of no principles either religious or moral, (and such, we know, are the majority of those sent out by our Universities)—can be dishonoured by a comparison with anything on this side Erebus. I do not therefore repent of my frogs.'-To Unwin, Nov. 20, 1784. Let us thank God that things are better now!

Book III.-The Garden.

11. 1-8. Cp. Par. Lost, ix. 445-53:

'As one who, long in populous city pent,' &c. 1. 26. the satiric thong. Cp. Horat. Sat., lib. I. iii. 119: 'Ne scutica dignum horribili sectere flagello.'

11. 28-30. Cp. Horat. Carm., lib. II. xi. 13:

'Cur non sub alta vel platano vel hac

Pinu jacentes sic temere,' etc.

1. 32. Nitrous air was one of the names by which Dr. Priestley (born 1733, died 1804) designated what is now called Oxygen gas,-then newly discovered by him. Cp. Thomson's Seasons, Winter, 1. 693:

And through the blue serene,

For sight too fine, th' ethereal nitre flies,
Killing infectious damps, and the spent air
Storing afresh with elemental life.'

11. 41-57. Cp. 11. 290-304, and 675-94.

1. 46. drops of bitter. So Lucretius, De Rer. Nat. iv. 1126:

Medio de fonte leporum

Surgit amari aliquid, quod in ipsis floribus angat.'

1. 52. zoneless;-ungirt, and hence' loose, careless, wanton;' equivalent to Lat. discincta-the zona being the girdle worn round the waist by all respectable young women.

1. 73. unsmirched;-unsullied. Cp. Shakspeare's' chaste unsmirched brow,' Hamlet iv. 5. To'smirch' is from Germ. schmieren, 'to smear, grease, daub.' Il. 100-4. Cp. Rochefoucauld, Réflex. Mor., No. 223: L'hypocrisie est un hommage que le vice rend à la vertu.'

11. 108-12. Cp. Hamlet, iii. 2:

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Why, let the strucken deer go weep.'

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The Earl of Surrey, The Faithful Lover,' 1. 21:

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Then as a stricken deer withdraws himself alone,

So do I seek some secret place where I may make my moan. Sackville, Complaint of Buckingham (apud Bell, ii. 240):

Like to the deer that, stricken with the dart,

Withdraws himself into some secret place,

And feeling green the wound about his heart,
Startles with pangs till he fall on the grass.'

1. 113. Cp. Genesis xlix. 23.

1. 115. Cp. Virgil, Aen. xii. 403:

'Nequidquam trepidat, nequidquam spicula dextra
Sollicitat, prensatque tenaci forcipe ferrum.'

It is a bold Latinism to use the word solicit' in this sense-namely, that of gently stirring the darts, and working them from side to side, so as to loosen their hold upon the flesh, and coax' them out.

11. 139-50. Cp. Queredo, Vision vii. (apud S. vi. 55);- Then came Domitian, dragging in Suetonius. There is no greater pest, said he, than that generation of scribbling rogues, the historians :—when they have vented the humour and caprice of their own brains, that forsooth must be calledThe Life of such an Emperor!' And Rochefoucauld, Maxim 7: 'Great actions, the lustre of which dazzles us, are by politicians represented as the effects of deep designs; whereas they are commonly the effects of caprice and passion.'

11. 155-66. Cp. Bk. vi. 198-210.

11. 167-9. Cp. Horat. Epist., lib. I. i. 107:

'Liber, honoratus, pulcher, rex denique regum;
Praecipue sanus, nisi quum pituita molesta est.'

11. 174-6. Cp. The Rape of Lucrece, st. 31:

'What win I if I gain the thing I seek?

A dream, a breath, a froth of fleeting joy;
Who buys a minute's mirth to wail a week?
Or sells Eternity to get a toy?'

Young's Love of Fame (Bell, ii. 242):

'Methinks we need not our short being shun

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