Angus Mackay was born in 1813. He was piper to Her Majesty the Queen. In 1838 he published a Collection of Sixty Pibrochs, which are very highly esteemed. He was accidentally drowned in the river Nith on the 21st of March, 1859.

Alexander M'Donald, a native of Badenoch, was a famous piper and composer. For a number of years he was piper to the late Earl of Fife. He gained a valuable gold medal at one of the competitions. He was one of the best pipers in Scotland. He died at Aberlour House, Banffshire, in 1884.

William Ross was born in 1815, a native of Ross-shire. In 1839 he joined the 42nd Regiment, and continued in the service till 1854, when upon the recommendation of the late Cluny Macpherson, he was appointed piper to Her Majesty the Queen. In 1876 he published a large Collection of Pipe Music, embracing forty-one piobaireachds and four hundred and thirty-seven marches, strathspeys, and reels, which was prefaced by an admirable essay on The Bagpipe and its Music, composed by the late Dr. Norman Macleod. The work was dedicated to the Queen, and a second edition was issued in 1885. Ross died in August 1891.

James S. Robertson (of Edradynate, Perthshire), was born on the 15th of March, 1823. He was educated for the legal profession, and in 1846 he was admitted a member of the Society of Writers to the Signet. When young he became a warm admirer of Highland music. He was instructed by Duncan M'Kercher, John M'Alpine, and other musicians. He took an active part in instituting the Edinburgh Highland Reel and Strathspey Society in 1881, of which he was President. He edited The Athole Collection of Reels, Strathspeys, etc., which appeared in 1884, in two volumes, one of the largest collections ever published in Scotland.

William R. Broomfield was born in Inveraray on the 14th of October, 1826. He was a writer on music, and a composer. He edited and arranged a Collection of National Songs in four part harmony, which was published in 1848-52. His very useful Manual of Harmony appeared in 1857; and The Principles of Ancient and Modern Music was published in 1863. He also composed a number of psalm tunes. He was a very quiet and unassuming man. He died in Aberdeen on the 17th of October, 1888, where in 1889 a monument was erected to his memory with one of his popular tunes-"St. Kilda" carved upon it.

James Walker was born in Aberdeen on the 6th of July, 1827, a

son of the late William Walker, merchant. He received a liberal education, and always took a keen interest in music and art. many ways he endeavoured to diffuse a higher taste for music. His work entitled Just Intonation in Song and Speech was printed at Aberdeen in 1876 for private circulation, a valuable and instructive volume. He had formed a valuable collection of musical books and MSS., comprising five hundred volumes, which he presented to the Public Free Library of Aberdeen. Personally, he was a quiet, genial, and kind hearted man. He died in Aberdeen on the 29th of January, 1895.

III. In psalmody and church music there has been a remarkable progress during the period under review. John M'Lachlan was born in Glasgow in 1740. In 1776 he published The Precentor, with a Collection of Psalm Tunes, which reached a sixth edition in 1799. In 1779 he issued an Easy Introduction to Church Music, which was republished in 1782. He died at Glasgow in 1791.

John Sievewright was born in 1771, he was a teacher of music, and published a Collection of Church Tunes and Anthems. He died at Old Meldrum, Aberdeenshire, in 1846. Neil Dougall was born in Greenock on the 9th of December, 1776. He was a teacher of music, and a composer of psalmody. He composed nearly one hundred psalm and hymn tunes, and anthems. He died on the 1st of October, 1862. James Farquharson was born in 1789. He was a composer and teacher of music; and in 1824 he published a Collection of Sacred Music, which contained a few original tunes. Charles Hutcheson was born in 1792. In 1832 he issued a volume entitled Christian Vespers, containing tunes in three and four parts, and an Introductory Essay on Church Music. Some of his tunes are fine. He died in Glasgow on the 20th of January, 1860.

Robert A. Smith was born on the 16th of November, 1780. He was originally a weaver, but assiduously studied music, and attained distinction as a singer, teacher, compiler, and composer. In 1807 he was appointed precentor at the Abbey Church of Paisley; and in 1823 choirmaster at St. George's Parish Church, Edinburgh. He was gifted with a sweet voice, a fine sense of melody, and a pretty clear knowledge of harmony. He was very industrious, and his works are numerous. In 1810 he issued Devotional Music, Original and Selected ; in 1819 his Anthems in Four Vocal Parts; in 1820 Sacred Harmony, for the use of St. George's Church, Edinburgh: and other three of his Collections of Psalmody appeared in 1825, 1828, and 1829. He also

composed a considerable number of single pieces: and edited the Scottish Minstrel, in six volumes, published in 1821-24, which contained some of his own songs; and the Irish Minstrel issued in 1825. He died in Edinburgh on the 3rd of January, 1829. In a notice of his death, George Hogarth in the Edinburgh Courant wrote:-" Smith was a musician of sterling talent. His merits have been long recognised. . . . His compositions partake of the character of his mind: they are tender and generally tinged with melancholy, simple and unpretending, and always graceful and unaffectedly elegant. He had the admirable good sense to know how far he could safely penetrate into the depths of counterpoint and modulation without losing his way, and accordingly his music is entirely free from that scientific pedantry which forms the prevailing vice of the modern English school."

William Smith was born in 1803. He was a musician of ability and refined taste. His People's Tune Book was published in 1844, a work of much merit. He died at Newtyle on the 31st of August, 1878.

Thomas L. Hately was born at Greenlaw, Berwickshire, on the 26th of September, 1815. In 1844 he was appointed precentor to the Free Church Assembly. He edited a collection of tunes entitled The Free Church Psalmody, which appeared in 1845; and Scottish Psalmody, issued in 1852. He also published Historical Lectures on Psalmody, with illustrations; and contributed a number of articles on music to various journals. He died at Edinburgh on the 22nd of March, 1867.

John Campbell was born in Paisley on the 2nd of February, 1807. He was a teacher of music and composer. In 1847 he published The Sacred Psaltery, comprising about fifty tunes, mostly original, and his anthem, "Rejoice in the Lord." He also edited a Collection of Anthems, Choruses, and Sanctuses. He died in Glasgow on the 7th of October, 1860.

In the present century Hymn Books have been introduced in the Presbyterian Churches of Scotland. Much improvement has been effected in the rendering of church music by the organisation and special training of choirs; and the introduction of organs. The question whether organs should be used in the service of Presbyterian and Congregational Churches, has been practically settled in the affirmative.

A Chair of Music was instituted in the University of Edinburgh

in 1839, and was endowed by General Reid. He was born at Straloch, Perthshire, on the 13th February, 1720, and was himself an amateur musician. He published a Set of Minuets and Marches, containing the famous air, "In the Garb of Old Gaul," and Six Solos for a German Flute or Violin. He died in London on the 6th of February, 1807. An annual concert is given on the 13th of February— the General's birthday-when one of his tunes must be performed. John Thomson was the first Professor of the new Chair. He was born at Sprouston on the 28th of October, 1805. He conducted the first Reid Concert, given in Edinburgh on the 13th of February, 1841. He composed three operas and a number of other pieces. He died in Edinburgh on the 6th of May, 1841.

William Ewing was born in Partick, Glasgow, on the 20th of May, 1788. He was an enthusiastic collector of music, and in the course of his long life had accumulated a valuable library of musical and other works. He bequeathed the larger portion of his musical library to Anderson's College, Glasgow, with a sum of £1000 for maintaining it; the remainder was left to the University of Glasgow. In 1866 he founded a Lectureship on Music in connection with Anderson's College. He died in Glasgow on the 12th of May, 1874, at the advanced age of eighty-six.

During the last sixty years many musical associations, societies, and choral unions have been instituted to promote the culture of music, and diffuse a higher appreciation of it among the people. Music touches the soul and heart of humanity more effectively than any other art. Let us hope that in the future it will be taught even more universally than in the past.

SECTION II.
Painting.

Such fragments of art as have been preserved from early times onward were noticed in preceding volumes, and it was observed that Jamesone was the first Scottish painter who attained a reputation. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, however, the conditions favourable to the culture of art had arisen, mental philosophy was ably taught, a taste for literature diffused, science advanced, manufactures and commerce rapidly developed, and the wealth of

the nation immensely increased.

This march forward was followed

by art at some distance in the rearward. I shall, therefore, present a brief account of the progress of painting and the diffusion of taste in Scotland.

William Aikman was born in 1682, near Arbroath. He studied law for some time, but his bent for painting led him to change his aim. He went to Italy, where he studied three years. When he returned to Scotland he painted portraits, in which he excelled, and also tried his hand in historic painting. He died in 1731 in London. Allan Ramsay, the painter, was a son of the distinguished Allan Ramsay, the poet, and was born in Edinburgh in 1713. It is said that he began to sketch at the age of twelve, and when in his twentythird year he went to Rome, where he studied for three years. On returning home he painted the portrait of his father, and those of President Forbes and Archibald Campbell, Duke of Argyll.

Afterwards he removed to London, and soon found friends and patrons. The Earl of Bridgewater patronised him, and Lord Bute introduced him to the Prince of Wales, whose portrait he painted in full length. But the portrait which brought Ramsay almost immediately into notice was a whole-length one of Bute himself. It was a well-executed work. His admiration of the style of the great Italian masters brought down upon him the wrath of Hogarth and the satire. of Churchhill; the former attempted to pun him under the name of Ram's-eye," and also satirised him in "The Battle of the Pictures," impressed with the image and cross of St. Andrew, while the latter coupled him and his father in these disparaging lines :

:

"Thence came the Ramsays, men of worthy note,

Of whom one paints as well's the other wrote!" 3

Ramsay cared little for the satire of either the painter or the poet, and his father's fame could well take care of itself.

In spite of opposition, Ramsay prospered exceedingly in his profession. His skill in art, learning, and good sense, obtained for him ample employment. His pencil was called into requisition for ceilings and walls, as well as portraits; and he employed several workmen, who furnished bodies while he painted the heads. He passed a second time to Rome and stayed several months, and also visited.

"The feuds which in those days distracted the united commonwealth of letters and art may be traced in many a bitter verse, satiric print, and sarcastic memorandum.”—Cunningham's Lives of British Painters, Vol. V., p. 37.