skill, the expertness, and tact of the manipulator than upon the employment of complicated appliances. The surface of the glass would be spoiled by a free use of metal tools, and almost the only implements employed are composed of charred wood. The operations of the glass-blowers are probably the most wonderful in the whole range of the arts, no manipulation of the conjurer being more my'sterious to one who witnesses them for the first time." 21

There are upwards of 200 persons employed at the Holyrood Glass Works. There are six or seven flint glass and eight bottle manufactories in Scotland. The value of the glass exported in 1861 was £62,140, and in 1867, £106,555. The chief centres of the glass manufacture are Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Leith; and, in 1871, there were 2020 persons employed in it, and of this number 88 were females. In 1891 there were 2084 hands employed in glass manufacture.

The art of glass engraving is also carried on in Scotland, though only since a recent date. The firm of Messrs. Millar & Co., of Edinburgh, has attained distinction since the Exhibition of 1862; and they have shown some fine and beautiful specimens of this branch of art.

Glass painting has been revived in Scotland in the present century. The firm of Messrs. Ballantine, of Edinburgh, has been long well known for the excellence of its work in this branch of art. About fifty years ago Mr. Ballantine was selected by the Fine Arts Commission to execute the windows in the new House of Lords; and he did much to promote the improvement of glass painting in Scotland. Painted glass is now pretty extensively used in public buildings, churches, and in some of the houses of the wealthy class. This art has reached a high degree of elaboration, and specimens of it may be seen throughout the country which exhibit fine taste and skill in execution.

It was shown in the third volume 22 that there were no earthenware works in Scotland in 1703; and one of the earliest potteries. was established at the Broomielaw, Glasgow, in 1748. Glasgow is still the chief centre of this manufacture; Edinburgh and Kirkcaldy come next. The largest Glasgow pottery is that of Messrs. Bell & Co., which covers upwards of three acres of ground. This firm has devoted much care and attention to the higher departments of the art, and has produced some fine work. There is a wide field afforded 22 P. 317.

21 Industries of Scotland, by D. Bremner, pp. 378-379.

for the exercise and display of artistic taste and elaboration in the decoration of porcelain ; and both in form and colouring many of the productions of this firm are very beautiful. They employ upwards of 800 persons.

In 1871, there were fourteen potteries in Scotland, and there were about 4000 persons employed in this manufacture. In 1891 there were 4,128 hands employed.

In 1871, there were 123 manufactories of brick, tiles, clay pipes, and articles of a similar description, which were spread throughout the country. The largest work of this kind is at Garnkirk, about six miles east from Glasgow, on the side of the Caledonian Railway. At this establishment there is an extensive manufactory of glazed fireclay sewage and water pipes. Works in terra cotta are also produced at Garnkirk. There are about 300 men and boys employed, and 200 tons of clay are used daily at the works. In 1891 there were 5000 persons employed in connection with this useful industry.

SECTION VI.

Textile Manufactures.

In the preceding volumes the progress of textile manufactures in Scotland to the end of the seventeenth century was narrated so far as they had then been introduced, for the manufacture of cotton was not introduced into this country till well through the eighteenth century. It will save repetition to present a short account of the inventions of the eighteenth century in connection with the spinning and weaving of textile fabrics.

Before the middle of the eighteenth century the improvement of spinning and weaving machinery began in England, and long before its close great progress had been made. In 1738, John Kay, a native. of Bury, in Lancaster, invented the fly-shuttle, which enabled the weaver to make twice as much cloth as he made before; and his son, Robert Kay, invented the drop-box, by which the weaver can use any one of three shuttles, each with a different coloured weft, without the trouble of taking them from and replacing them in the lathe. The great impediment to the progress of textile manufactures was the impossibility of obtaining an ample supply of yarn by the appliances then in use. The one-thread wheel, although then worked from morning till night in many thousands of cottages, could not keep up with the weaver's shuttle or the demand of the merchant.

Genius, therefore, had to remove this difficulty, and at length a contrivance was invented by which fifty, a hundred, or a thousand threads could be spun at once by one pair of hands. As to who was the real originator of this achievement has been a subject of much controversy, to which I can only allude in the briefest terms. It seems to be clearly ascertained that John Wyatt, of Birmingham, was the inventor of the mode of spinning by rollers. 22 The patent for the invention was taken out in 1738, in the name of one Paul, with whom Wyatt was in partnership; the name of the latter only appears as a witness, although there is evidence to show that Wyatt was really the inventor of the machine. It was tried and produced yarn, but it does not seem to have been successful for some time, and it yielded no fruit to Wyatt. Regarding Wyatt's machine, Mr. Baines says:"So far is the one from being a copy of the other, that of Arkwright indicates great inventive talent even if we suppose he had seen the former machine; but the mechanical details of the two have so little in common that I am inclined to think that Arkwright had not seen the machine of Wyatt. It must, however, be admitted that to contrive and adjust the details of such a machine, though of the greatest practical importance, is a merit very subordinate to that of him who conceived the great principle. The latter is the glory of Wyatt. How much Arkwright owed to his predecessors can only be matter of conjecture; that he thus learned the principle of spinning by rollers I am convinced. The latter unquestionably knew of the attempts to spin cotton by machinery at Birmingham and Northampton, and of the patent of 1738, which describes the two pairs of rollers, as he himself declares as much in the case which he drew up to be presented to Parliament in 1782."

But whatever may have been the claims or the merits of Arkwright's predecessors, it was he who rose from a very humble position and perfected and successfully introduced the invention of spinning by rollers. He was for many years engaged in perfecting his method of spinning cotton, and his sagacity and perseverance were at length rewarded, for he became exceedingly rich. "Wealth flowed. in upon him with a full stream from his skilfully managed concerns.

23 Having thus proved that the principle of Wyatt's invention was the same as that of the spinning frame brought into use by Arkwright, I must add that the details of the Birmingham machine were far from being perfect, and that the machine differed greatly from Arkwright's in its form and construction."Baines' History of the Cotton Manufacture, pp. 121-138.

For several years he fixed the price of cotton twist, all other spinners conforming to his prices. . It has been shown that the

splendid inventions, which even to the present day are ascribed to Arkwright by some of the ablest and best-informed persons in the kingdom, belong in a great part to other and much less fortunate

men.

"The most marked traits in the character of Arkwright were his wonderful ardour, energy, and perseverance. He commonly laboured from five o'clock in the morning at his multifarious concerns till nine at night. Arkwright was a severe economist of time; and that he might not waste a moment, he generally travelled with four horses and at a very rapid speed. His concerns in Derbyshire, in Lancaster, and in Scotland were so extensive and numerous as to show at once his astonishing power of transacting business and his all-grasping spirit. In many of these he had partners, but he generally managed in such a way that whoever lost he himself was a gainer. So unbounded was his confidence in the success of his machinery and in the national wealth to be produced by it that he would make light of discussions on taxation, and say that he would pay the national debt. His speculative schemes were vast and daring; he contemplated entering into the most extensive mercantile transactions and buying up all the cotton in the world in order to make an enormous profit by the monopoly."

" 24

Thus the fly shuttle was invented by Mr. John Kay in 1738; the same year Mr. John Wyatt invented a machine for spinning by rollers, and showed its practicability; Mr. James Hargreaves 25 in

24 Baines' History of the Cotton Manufacture, pp. 140, 193-196. Arkwright made a considerable sum of money by his patents. He offered his patented machines for sale by public advertisement, and gave many permission to use them, on receiving a certain sum for each spindle; in several cases he took shares in the mills erected; while he had several large mills chiefly in his own hands, and from these various sources he drew a large annual income.

25 James Hargreaves was a native of Staudhill, near Blackburn; and, shortly after 1770, he entered into partnership with Mr. Thomas James, a joiner, and they erected a small mill at Hockley, in which they spun yarn for the hosiers with the jenny. This spinning business was carried on with fair success, until the death of Hargreaves in 1778. Although he did not amass wealth like Arkwright, he was enabled to live comfortably in the latter years of his life; but many afterwards made fortunes by means of his invention.

The stocking-frame was invented by William Lee in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; but a prejudice against it long prevailed, and it was not used in Scotland till 1771, when a stocking frame was set up in the town of Hawick.

vented the spinning-jenny about 1767, which he patented in 1770; and Arkwright, about the year 1769, invented the spinning-frame, sometimes called the water-frame, which he patented; and in 1779, Mr. Samuel Crompton completed his invention of the mule-jenny, which combined the action of both the preceding machines. But Arkwright introduced other improvements in carding, drawing, and roving machines. In 1785, the Rev. Dr. Cartwright invented a power-loom which has been usually regarded as the forerunner of those subsequently introduced. The mechanical inventions just enumerated indicate the commencement of a revolution in the modes of producing textile manufactures; although most of them were originally intended for the cotton manufacture, the application of machinery was extended to the whole circle of textile fabrics. It is needless to say that in the present century, the machines, the apparatus, and the appliances brought into use in this department of manufactures have reached an astonishing degree of perfection.

I. I now proceed to indicate the development of the woollen manufactures in Scotland. The woollen manufacture for many centuries has been carried on to a greater or less extent in all the counties of the kingdom; though, of course, in early times, the greater part of the produce was for home consumption. In the second quarter of the eighteenth century the manufacture of woollen goods consisted of the cheaper and coarser kinds, such as cheap serges made at Kilmarnock, Stirling, Aberdeen, and other places; Galashiels produced kerseys, and in Hawick and other Border towns blankets were made. At this period only a small quantity of woollen goods was exported.

The woollen and hosiery manufactures continued to extend. In 1776, it was recorded that in Stirling 160 looms, 38 stocking-frames, and 17 carpet-frames were employed; Kilmarnock had 66 looms engaged on carpets, and 80 on other branches of manufacture; in Montrose there was a woollen factory in which 70 hands were employed'; in Alloa there were twenty manufacturers, who employed 150 looms and upwards of 400 workers; in Ayr there were 100 looms and 15 stocking-frames. In Edinburgh and Leith blanketmaking, carpet-weaving, and stocking-knitting on frames were carried on; and Edinburgh and Leith had wool markets. There were 140 looms in Melrose, chiefly engaged in making woollen cloth; in Hawick there were 65 looms; in Kelso 40 looms were employed in making blankets and flannels; and in Peebles 40 looms were engaged