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whatever conquests were made on either side. For this reason, we now find luxury and avarice taking possession of the same heart and dividing the same person between them. To which I shall only add, that since the discarding of the counsellors above mentioned, avarice supplies luxury in the room of plenty, as luxury prompts avarice in the place of poverty.

227. MISCONDUCT OF THE MINISTRY IN RESPECT TO THE CARNATIC. This is what a wise and virtuous ministry would have done and said. This, therefore, is what our minister could never think of saying or doing. A ministry of another kind would have first improved the country, and have thus laid a solid foundation for future opulence and future force. But on this grand point of the restoration of the country, there is not one syllable to be found in the correspondence of our ministers, from the first to the last; they felt nothing for a land desolated by fire, sword and famine; their sympathies took another direction; they were touched with pity for bribery, so long tormented with a fruitless itching of its palms; their bowels yearned for usury, that had long missed the harvest of its returning months; they felt for peculation which had been for so many years raking in the dust of an empty treasury; they were melted into compassion for rapine and oppression, licking their dry, parched, unbloody jaws. These were the objects of their solicitude. These were the necessities for which they were studious to provide.

E. BURKE

228.

PASSIONS-THEIR EFFECTUAL CONTROL DEPENDS UPON RELIGIOUS SENTIMENT. Of the great mass of affections remaining, some have the greatest power to torment, and some to bless. The furious paroxysm of anger, and the scowling brow of discontent, with all the pale pining, the restlessness and the crime, which make bad men scourges no less to themselves than their neighbours, have been often described by poets and are proverbial among mankind. The man who harbours such guests in his mind, if ever he awaken from the madness which they inspire, confesses himself miserable under them, but he seldom knows how to

escape from their control. Yet there was, probably, a time in his life when he might have done so. But when such

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affections have waxed mighty, so that one suffers in constraining them, they are properly called passions and the same change of name might have been applied to the appetites. When however any conflict, such as has been mentioned, takes place, it is far more terrible with an emotion which absorbs the whole personal being than with an appetite which only torments the body. Here then, as before, I wish you to observe, that if any man comes off triumphant in the struggle with the worst enemies that ever assail his peace, and with calm brow leads resentment or jealousy a silent captive, he obtains this deep joy only through the religious sentiment which the theory of the materialist tends to obliterate. 'Is that altogether the case?' asked Wolff, 'or do not scenery, music and in general either quiet or distraction calm the disturbances of the mind?' 'Perhaps in such things there is a mitigating power,' replied Blancombe; 'especially in the roar of ocean or the deep stillness of the mountains. For in such places there dwells silently something of the majesty of their Maker; but after all, it is chiefly in virtue of the religious solemnity with which such things imbue the mind, that they have power to tranquillize it. Otherwise, the mere physical relief through any variety of silence or of noise can only divert for a time and does not reach the deep sources of the more turbid passions.'

229. SEA COLLEGE UNDER ANSON, A.D. 1739. Indeed it is difficult to conceive a more moving scene than the embarcation of these unhappy veterans. They were themselves extremely averse to the service they were engaged in, and fully apprized of all the disasters they were afterwards exposed to; the apprehensions of which were strongly marked by the concern that appeared in their countenances, which was mixed with no small degree of indignation, to be thus hurried from their repose into a fatiguing employ, to which neither the strength of their bodies nor the vigour of their minds were any ways proportioned, and where, without seeing the face of an enemy, or in the least promoting the success of the enterprise they were engaged in, they would in all probability uselessly perish by lingering and painful diseases; and this too after they had spent the activity and strength of their youth in their country's service. And I cannot but ob

EMBARCATION OF THE OUTPENSIONERS OF CHEL

serve, on this melancholy incident, how extremely unfortunate it was, both to this aged and diseased detachment, and to the expedition they were employed in, that amongst two thousand men the most crazy and infirm only should be culled out for so fatiguing and perilous an undertaking.

G. ANSON

230. BEAUTY TO BE FOUND MORE OR LESS IN ALL NATURAL OBJECTS. Now therefore I think that without the risk of any further serious objection occurring to you, I may state what I believe to be the truth, that beauty has been appointed by the Deity to be one of the elements by which the human soul is continually sustained; it is therefore to be found more or less in all natural objects, but in order that we may not satiate ourselves with it and weary of it, it is rarely granted to us in its utmost degrees. When we see it in those utmost degrees, we are attracted to it strongly, and remember it long, as in the case of singularly beautiful scenery or a beautiful countenance. On the other hand, absolute ugliness is admitted as rarely as perfect beauty; but degrees of it more or less distinct are associated with whatever has the nature of death and sin, just as beauty is associated with what has the nature of virtue and life. This being so, you see that when the relative beauty of any particular forms has to be examined, we may reason from the forms of nature around us in this manner:-what nature does generally is sure to be more or less beautiful; what she does rarely, will either be very beautiful or absolutely ugly; and we may again easily determine, if we are not willing in such a case to trust our feelings, which of these is indeed the case, by this simple rule, that if the rare occurrence is the complete fulfilment of a natural law, it will be beautiful, if of the violation of a natural law, it will be ugly. J. RUSKIN

231. CONSOLATION IN EXILE. Varro, the most learned of the Romans, thought, since nature is the same wherever we go, that this single circumstance was sufficient to remove all objections to change of place, taken by itself, and stripped of the other inconveniences which attend exile. M. Brutus thought it enough that those, who go into banishment, cannot be hindered from carrying the virtue along with

them. Now, if any one judge that each of these comforts is in itself insufficient, he must however confess that both of them, joined together, are able to remove the terrors of exile. For what trifles must all we leave behind us be esteemed, in comparison of the two most precious things which men can enjoy, and which, we are sure, will follow us wherever we turn our steps, the same nature and our proper virtue. Believe me, the Providence of God has established such an order in the world, that of all which belongs to us the least valuable parts can alone fall under the will of others. Whatever is best is safest; lies out of the reach of human power; can neither be given nor taken away. Such is this great and beautiful work of nature, the world. Such is the mind of man, which contemplates and admires the world whereof it makes the noblest part. These are inseparably ours, and as long as we remain in one, we shall enjoy the other. Let us march, therefore, intrepidly wherever we are led by the force of human accidents. Wherever they lead us, on whatsoever coasts we are thrown by them, we shall not find ourselves absolutely strangers. We shall meet with men and women, creatures of the same figure, endowed with the same faculties, and born under the same laws of nature. We shall see the same virtues and vices, flowing from the same general principles, but varied in a thousand different and contrary modes, according to that infinite variety of laws and customs which is established for the same universal end-the preservation of society. We shall feel the same revolution of seasons, and the same sun and moon will guide the course of our year. The same azure vault, bespangled with stars, will be spread over our heads. There is no part of the world from whence we may not admire those planets which roll, like ours, in different orbits round the same central sun; from whence we may not discover an object still more stupendous, that army of fixed stars hung up in the immense space of the universe, innumerable suns whose beams enlighten and cherish the unknown worlds which roll around them; and whilst I am ravished by such contemplations as these, whilst my soul is thus raised up in heaven, it imports me little what ground I tread upon. LORD BOLINGBROKE

232. THE GRADUAL TRANSITION OF THE MIND FROM THE LOVE OF HONOUR TO THE LOVE OF MONEY, When a young

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man, says Plato, has seen the misfortunes which ambition has brought upon his own family, as fines, banishment, confiscation and even death itself, adversity and fear will break his spirit and humble his parts, which he will now apply to raise a fortune by securer methods, by the slow and secret arts of gain his rational faculties and nobler passions will be subjected to his desire of acquisition, and he will admire and emulate others only in proportion as they possess the great object of his wishes: his passion for wealth will keep down and suppress in him the love of pleasure and of extravagance, which yet, for want of philosophy and of a right education, will continue alive in his heart and exert itself, when he can find an opportunity to satisfy it by some secret injustice at the expense of others.

T. GRAY

233. ON EDUCATION. I consider a human soul without education like marble in the quarry, which shows none of its inherent beauties until the skill of the polisher fetches out the colours, makes the surface shine and every ornamental cloud, spot, and vein that runs through the body of it. Education after the same manner, when it works upon a noble mind, draws out to view every latent virtue and perfection, which, without such helps, are never able to make their appearance. The philosopher or the hero, the wise, the good or the great man, very often lie hid in a plebeian, which a proper education might have disinterred and have brought to light. Men's passions operate variously, and appear in different kinds of actions, according as they are more or less rectified and swayed by reason. It is, therefore, an unspeakable blessing to be born in those parts of the world where wisdom and knowledge flourish; though it be confessed there are, even in all these parts, many poor uninstructed persons, who are but little above the inhabitants of barbarous climes; those who have had the advantage of a more liberal education rise above one another by different degrees of perfection.

234. But to return to our former comparison:-A statue lies hid in a block of marble; and the art of the statuary clears away the superfluous matter, and removes the rubbish. The figure is in the stone, the sculptor only finds it; what sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the human soul. Thus we see the statue sometimes only begun to be chipped, sometimes rough hewn and but just sketched into

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