ánd the two Reviews x); and though they hate each other, I love thém áll. Liberty; Sir, liberty is thé Bríton's bòaft; and by áll my coal mines in Cornwall y), 'I réverence its guardians," ,Thén ít ís tỏ bè hoped, cried 'I, ,you reve rence the king," "Yes," returned my entert ner, when he does what we would have hím: but if he goes ón ás hè hás dóne óf late, 'TI néver trouble myfélf more with his mátters. I fày nothing. 'I think only, I could have di récted fome things better. I don't think ther has been à fufficient number of advìfers: h fhould advife with every pérfon willing to give hím advice, and then wè fhould have things dóne in another guéfs z) mánner."

,I wifh,“ cried I, thát lúch intruding advìfers were fixed in the pillory a). 'It Should

*) Lauter Namen periodischer Schriften, wahrscheinlich grösstentheils politischen Inhalts. Den Namen Reviews führen noch jetzt zwei, jedoch gelehrte Zeitschriften, deren eine the critical, die andere the monthly Review heifst.

y) Cornwall, eine Landschaft in England, in der viel Kupfer und Zinn gewonnen wird. Steinkohlen werden dafelbft wahrscheinlich auch gefunden, wiewol nach den gewöhnlichen Angaben nicht in einem fo grofsen Ueberfluffe als in andern Gegenden. Sollte letzteres wirklich der Fall feyn, fo würde die an fich schon lächerliche Betheurung noch lächerlicher feyn.

z) in another guess manner, eine gemeine schlechte Art des Ausdrucks, für: in another manner.

a) pillory, Schandpfahl; Beftrafang durch öffentliche AusStellung eines Verbrechers, eine Strafe, womit zuweilen auch Leute belegt werden, die fich politische Verge hungen haben zu Schulden kommen laffen. Da die Strafbaren während ihrer Ausstellung den Angriffen eines, fie oft mit Koth, faulen Eiern, Steinen u. f. w.

be the duty of honeft mén to assist the weaker ide of our conftitution; thát fàcred power that his fór fóme years been every day declining, and lofing its due fhare of influence in the tate. But thefe ignorants ftill contínue the cry liberty, and if they have any weight, bàely throw it into the fubfiding fcale."

'

„Hów," cried one of the ladies, „do 'I ve tó feè óne fò hase, fò fórdid, ás tó bé án memy to liberty, and à defénder óf tyrants? liberty, thát facred gift öf heaven, thát giò ous privilege óf Brítons!"

"Can it be poffible," cried our entertainer, that there fhould be ány found at préfent ádocates for flavery? 'Any who áre for meanly giving up the privileges of Britons? Cán ány, Sir, be fò ábject?"

„Nò, Sír," replied 'I, „I án fór liberty, that áttribute of gods! Glorious liberty! that thème óf módern declamation. I would have all men kíngs. I would be a kíng myfélf. We have all náturally an equal rìght to the throne: We are all originally equal. This is my opínion, and was once the opinion of à fet of húnelt mén who were called Lévellers b). They

angreifenden zügellofen Pöbels ausgesetzt find, fo lanfen fie Gefahr, ihr Leben zu verlieren. Man fehe über diefen Gegenstand Wendeborn's Zuftand u. s. w. von Grossbritannien, Theil II. S. 38.

b) In der Armee, welche unter dem Anfehen des Parliaments und unter Anführung Cromwell's gegen Karl den Erften gebraucht wurde, entstand eine Faktion, die im Militair- und Civilftande alle Rangerdnung abfchaffen, und eine Gleichheit der Güter einfuhren wollte. Man gab ihr daher den Namen Levellers, d. h. Leute, die alles gleich machen wollen (von to level, ebnen, gleich machen). Da fie zu weit gingen, fo unterdrückte fie Cromwell felbft.

in túrn.

tried to eréct themfélves ínto à communit wére áll fhould bè èqually free. Bút, alác!á : would never answer; for there were fome among them stronger, and fome more cúnning thán others, and thefe became másters of the en réft; fór ás fùre às your groom rìdes your har fes, because hè ís à cunninger ánimal than they, fò fùrely will the ánimal thát ís cúnnin ger ór ftronger thán hè, fít upón his fhòulder Since then it is entailed upón huma nity to fubmít, ánd fóme áre bórn to command ha ánd others to obey, the question is, ás there a múlt bè tyrants, whether it is better to have wi them in the fame house with ús, ór ín the fath me village, or ftill farther off, in the metrópo lis. Now, Sír, fór mỳ òwn párt; ás 'I nátural-la ly hate the face of à tyrant, the farther far hè is removed from me, the better pleafed anco I. The generálity of mankind álfo áre óf my way of thinking, and have unánimously created one king, whofe eléction át ónce diminishes the number of tyrants, and puts tyranny át the greatest distance from the greatest number of people. Nów the great who were: tyrants themfélves before thé eléction of óne tyrant, áre náturally avérfe to à power railed over them, and whose weight múlt éver lean heaviest on the fubordinate órders. It is the intereft of, the great, therefore, to diminish kíngly power ás múch ás póffible; because whatever they take from thát, is náturally reftòred to themselves; ánd all they have to do in the ftate, ís to undermine the fíngle tyrant, by which they refùme their primaeval authority. Now the ftate may be fò círcumftanced, or its laws may be fò difpofed, or its mén óf ópulence fo minded, ás áll to confpire ín cárrying on this bufinefs

a

of undermining mónarchy. Fór, in the firft place, if the circumstances of our state be fúch, as to favour the accumulation óf wealth, ánd. make the opulent ftíll móre rích, this will encrèafe their ambition. 'An accumulation of wealth, however, mút neceffarily bè thẻ cón fequence, whén ás át présent mòre ríches flow in from external cómmerce thán arìfe from intérnal índustry: fór external cómmerce cán ònly be managed to advántage by the rích, and they háve alfo át the fame time all the emoluments arifing from internal induftry: Cò thát thẻ rích, with ús, háve two fòurces of wealth, whereás the poor have bút óne. For this reason, wealth, in all commercial ftàtes, ís found to accùmu late, and all fúch háve hitherto ín tìme become ariftocrátical. Again, the very laws alfo of this country may contribute to the accumulation of wealth; as when by their means the natural ties that bind the rich and poor together áre broken, and ít ís ordained, that the rích fháll only marry with the rích: or when the learned áre held unqualified tó férve their country ás counsellors merely fróm à defect of opulence, and wealth is thús made the object óf à wife mán's ambition; by these means, I fay, ánd fúch means ás these, ríches will accumulate. Now the poffeffor óf accumulated wealth, when fúrnifhed with the néceffaries and pléafures of life, hás no other méthod to employ the fuperfùity of his fortune bút ín púrchafing power. Thát ís, differently speaking, ín making depéndants, by purchafing the liberty of the needy or the venal, óf men who are willing to bear the mortification of contiguous tyranny fór bread. Thús each very ópulent mán generally gathers róund hún à circle of the poorest of the people;

and the polity abounding in accumulated wealth, may be compared to à Cartèfian sýstem, each órb with à vortex of its own c). Thòfe, howéver, who áre willing to move ín à great man's vortex, áre only fúch ás mú bè flaves, the rábble of mankind, whofe fouls and whole education are adapted to férvitude, and who know nothing of liberty except the name. Bút there múft ftill be à large number of the people without the fphère of the opulent mán's influence, namely, that órder óf mén which fubfifts he tween the very rích ánd thé véry rábble; those mén who are poffeft of too large fortunes to fubmit to the neighbouring mán ín power, and yet are too poor to fet up for tyranny themfélves. In this middle órder of mankind áre generally to be found all the arts, wisdom, ánd vírtues of fociety. This órder alone is known to be the true prefèrver of freedom, and may be called the people. Now it may happen thất this middle órder of mankind may lofe all its influence in à state, and its voice be ín à mánner drówned ín thát óf the rabble: fór íf thé fórtune fufficient for qualifying à pérfon át préfent to give his voice in ftate affairs, bè ten times léfs than was judged fufficient upón fórm ing the conftitution, it is évident that great numbers of the rabble will thús bè introduced into the polítical fyftem, and they ever moving in the vortex of the great, will follow where

c) a Cartefian fyftem etc. Renatus Cartefius, geboren zu Tours in Frankreich 1596, gestorben 1650, ein berühmter Philofoph und Mathematiker, nahm an, dass der Aether in einer beftandigen wirbelnden Bewegung fey, und dafs in dem grossen Wirbel, der die Planeten um die Sonne treibt, fich kleinere befänden, wodurch die Planeten um ihre Axe bewegt würden.