Boys's labours the full measure of value which he claims for them, still, we cannot but consider them as well employed ; and we may safely recommend the present work to the attention of every biblical student, as deserving of a careful ex. amination, and as entitling the Author to his thanks for the curious and interesting discussions which it comprises.

Art. IV. A Grammar of the Latin Language, by C. G. Zumpt, Pro.

fessor in the Frederick's Gymnasium, Berlin. Translated from the German, with Additions. By the Rev. John Kenrick, M. A. 8vo. pp. 408. Price 9s. London. T would be easier to challenge for the scholars of England

a high classical reputation, than to substantiate their claim to such distinction by reference to their published works. A few contemporary publications might be adduced of unquestionable merit; but the instances are not numerous, in which the cause of classical learning has been eminently served by the labours of modern English scholars, either as authors or as editors. Our most valuable acquisitions have been derived from foreign sources. This is particularly the case in respect to Greek and Latin Grammars. While the masters of our great public seminaries have been satisfying themselves with the use of the long established systems of elementary instruction, the scholars of the Continent have been rivalling each other in preparing improved treatises for the use of classical students. The high reputation of Matthiæ's Greek Grammar is well known; and a sufficient testimony to its excellence is to be found in the circulation which the several editions of the English Translation by Blomfield have obtained. Buttman's has also lately become accessible to English scholars. Matthiæ adopted as the model of his own work, the Latin Grammar of Scheller, who has long maintained a distinguished rank among the writers on Roman philology, and whose copious Latin Grammar has at length become known to English students, by Mr. Walker's translation. These works are intended principally for the use of advanced students who are desirous of acquiring an enlarged grammatical and critical acquaintance with the languages which they have begun to cultivate. They are honourable monuments of the erudition and industry of their authors, of the application of their learn, ing and skill to the explanation of the elements, and to the elucidation of the difficulties and niceties of the languages which they undertook to illustrate. Scheller's and Matthia's Grammars may be recommended as well worthy of accompanying each other. They are rich depositories of philological remarks. For the use of instructors and pupils, however, the Greek Grammar of Professor Buttman of Berlin, and the Latin Grammar of Professor Zumpt, are best adapted ; and they are exceedingly well matched as philosophical and practical grammatical treatises.

Mr. Kenrick would have rendered an essential service to classical teachers and to classical students, had he limited his labours to a mere translation of the Grammar without enlargements; but he has made them still more his debtors by additions amounting to about a fourth of the contents of the original, which he has incorporated with it. In its present form, the Grammar is much superior to any work of the kind with which we are acquainted, and is well adapted to supply the deficiency which many have experienced in the use of the common elementary books. Designed for the service of beginners, it is at the same time sufficiently copious to afford assistance to the student as he advances in knowledge. The judgement of the Author appears to great advantage in the limits which he has assigned to his Grammar : nothing redundant has been admitted, and yet, it cannot be charged as deficient in any essential requisites. It is entirely free from perplexing remarks and fanciful digressions. The arrangement is excellent; the definitions are simple and perspicuous; and the examples are pertinent and in sufficient abundance.

The design of Professor Zumpt in his preparation of this Latin Grammar, has been, to instruct the learner in the rudiments of the language, with the view to his acquiring the practice of Latin prose composition, formed after the best and purest models. He has therefore, throughout, confined his observations and examples to the writers of the age of Cicero; not, however, without noticing such constructions as might induce improper imitations, and which he is therefore careful to mark as deviations from purity of style and idiom. The utility of this plan is so obvious, that we may express our approbation of it without claiming credit for superior discernment. In Latin composition, no advantage can be received from oral usage ; and, therefore, the selection of the example to be imitated, should be made with due regard to correctness and uniformity. It is of great importance that the student should be familiar with the manner of his author, and this can be accomplished only by careful and continued study of his pages. For this reason, we are not prepared to give our sanction to a promiscuous course of reading, where the lessons of the scholar consist of numerous extracts from various authors, and where, as soon as he begins to learn that peculiarities distinguish the composition of an author, he quits one to com

mence another, before he can understand in what those peculiarities consist.

The observations of the Author on Latin pronunciation are few, but on this subject it was not necessary for him to enlarge. There exists not any uniformity of practice among the learned of the different nations of Europe, from which rules could be deduced, and the prejudices and customs which have been so long prevalent are not to be removed. The anomaly, however, of some modes of pronunciation seem to be so evident, that an improvement may at least be suggested. Par, pakis,- Felir, felkis, might offend modern ears; but an ancient Roman might be in no small perplexity on hearing Par, pasis— Felix, felisis. Tiara and totius, he would know, but toshius would be a strange sound to his ears.

The General Rules of Gender' are, in this Grammar, given before the declensions. This arrangement, which to some persons may seem objectionable, but which is the arrangement adopted in some other grammars, appears to us to be the correct one, since the pupil who has mastered the distinctions will be prepared, very much to his advantage, to proceed with the declensions. In the sections which comprise the declensions, no unnecessary examples are introduced, and in all anomalous cases, the requisite information is conveyed with perspicuity ; the necessary explanations being never rendered embarrassing by a confused brevity of remark. The section on the pronouns has received considerable enlargement from the Translator, and is sufficiently copious. The numerals are very excellently displayed. A large proportion of the work is devoted to the verbs, which, in their several kinds, are treated of with great clearness and fulness; and lists are furnished of the various irregulars in the different conjugations. On the prepositions, there are two valuable sections, and the section on the conjunctions which follows them, is equally creditable to the Author's judgement and taste. These qualities, however, are particularly to be remarked in the Syntax, which occupies nearly one half of the volume. A more copious and better arranged Syntax than is generally found in the grammars in common use, has long been desired by instructors. Philosophical grammar was less studied and less understood when the prevailing systems were drawn up, than it has since been ; and the various lights which have been cast upon the most curious and interesting subjects of philological investigation by modern critics and other writers, afford advantages to a grammarian in respect to the essential qualities of his art, by which he may diminish or remove the perplexities which attend the study of a particular language, and present a knowledge of its principles in the most simple, or at least in a greatly improved form. Some writers on Grammar, it must be confessed, have carried much too far the application of metaphysical principles to the subjects of their researches. To explain obscure relations would seem to be less the object of their pursuit, than to announce some brilliant discoveries, for which they might expect to take credit as the possessors of original genius. Professor Zumpt publishes no intricate theory or fanciful hypothesis, to mislead or to interrupt the attention of his scholars. His knowledge is always used with judgement; and under bis cautious direction, the student never loses sight of the objects with which he seeks to become familiar. We cannot too highly prize the Syntax of the volume before us: for precision and fulness, for clearness in the statement of principles, and for pertinent and copious illustration, the several sections into which it is distributed may confidently be recommended to the notice of both teachers and learners.

Three sections, ' Of the arrangement of Words in a Latin sentence,' • Of Grammatical Figures,' and ' Of the • Roman mode of Reckoning,' are appended to the Syntax by the Translator. The last two sections are on Quantity and Accentuation. A useful Index is added. The excellent man. ner in which the work has been prepared and published by Mr. Kenrick, should not be overlooked. Interruptions in the text, and frequent references to foot-notes are, as he remarks, 'so repulsive to young readers, that what is presented to them

in this way is in great danger of never being read at all.' He has therefore preserved the pages of this volume from every incumbrance of this kind, and has distributed the whole of its contents in the most acceptable and useful manner.

Art. V. 1. A Practical Inquiry into the Number, Means of Employ

ment, and Wages of Agricultural Labourers. By the Rev. C. D. Brereton, A.M. Rector of Little Massingham, Norfolk. Third

Edition. 8vo. pp. 140. Norwich, 1826. 2. An Inquiry into the Workhouse System, and the Law of Mainte

nance in Agricultural Districts. By the Rev. C. D. Brereton,

A.M. Second Edition. 8vo. pp. 124. Norwich, 1826. 9. An Address to the Manufacturers of the United Kingdom, stating

the Causes which have led to the unparalleled Calamities of our Manufacturing Poor, and the Proposal of a Remedy. By William

Hale. 8vo. pp. 32. Price 6d. London, 1826. 4. Observations on the Nature, Extent, and Effects of Pauperism ; and

on the Means of reducing it. By Thomas Walker, M.A. and

Barrister at Law. 8vo. pp. 96. London, 1826. 5. An Essay on the Circumstances which determine the Rate of

Wages, and the Condition of the Labouring Classes. 24mo.

Edinburgh, 1826. 6. The Cause and Remedy for National Distress : a Sermon preached

at Percy Chapel, Charlotte-street, Fitzroy-square. By the Rev. James H. Stewart, A.M., &c. 8vo. pp. 32. Price 1s. 6d. London, 1826. Fit be one symptom of a degeneracy of public spirit, when

political parties come to be distinguished by their leaders, rather than by their principles, we may be allowed to draw from the converse of the proposition a favourable augury with regard to the present times, which exhibit the extraordinary spectacle of a truce between the great leading parties of the senate, attended by a brisk war of opinions. The distinctions between Whig and Tory have now become almost obliterated; Pittites and Foxites are no longer known by those designations ; and the King's friends do not now consist of a mere faction. Nay, the ministry and his majesty's opposition' have of late formed a sort of joint administration in carrying into execution those measures which had at least for their object the national welfare; and the new opposition has certainly been raised against the measures, not against the men. It lias been pleasing to notice, in the progress of the present election, that the candidates have been questioned more with regard to their opinions than their party; and the past conduct of members has been canvassed in reference to the measures they supported, rather than the side of the house they sat on. Nor has it been one question merely, as formerly, that has divided the public voice. Even where the No Popery faction have been most busy and clamorous, the subject of Emancipation has no longer been put