eye, and is secured by a bolt, as shewn in Fig. 3. A chain is not, however, always used; sometimes a bar of iron is substituted, which is fastened in the same manner. To add to the breadth of the ends of the side frames, a a, a a, and prevent the ends from passing each other, on the curves of the road, a piece of wood, ii, is bolted to the inside of the side frame, and secured by hoops, k k k k, passed around the ends. The break, or brake, is fastened to the side frame by a cast-iron stud, bolted to the framing, and shewn by the dotted lines at o, Fig. 1. A wrought-iron pin is keyed into this stud, on which the brake, or lever, m n r, works, the pin at o acting as its fulcrum. The part, m n, is a flat bar, to which pieces of wood are bolted on each side, for the purpose of nailing on the wooden brakes, pp, which press against the wheels. These brakes were formerly called "convoys," and were made of wood entirely; the pieces, pp, being called "breasts," and composed of beech. The end, r, is kept up by a bolt, when not used; and before self-acting planes were established, another lever, acting upon the end r, was applied, to increase the power. The dimensions of the waggons, here described, are such as carry about fifty-five cwt. of coals; or, by heaping a little, nearly three tons. § 8.-Truck for the Conveyance of general Fig. 10, Plate VII., is a side view or elevation; Fig. 11, a plan; and Figs. 12 and 13, end views of a truck, or platform carriage, for the conveyance of general goods on public railroads. The main framing consists of the four longitudinal frames, 11, 22, 33, 44, which are fastened together by the three cross sheths, 55, 66, 77; these sheths are mortised into the frames 11 and 22, and bolted to them by bed-bolts, and are likewise more firmly bound together by the long bolts, 5'5', 6'6′, 7′′7′. This framing is still further strengthened, and prevented from twisting, by the diagonal braces, 88 and 99. It may here be remarked, that the inner longitudinal frames, 22 and 33, are not applied, except where carriages similar to those of Figs. 1, and 3, are to travel upon the same railway, or where carriages are used, with the bearings inside the wheels. In these cases, the inner frames are necessary to abut against the ends, k k, of the other carriages, unless the whole train be coupled together by inflexible bars, and thus prevent the ends of the carriages from abutting against each other. When the inner frames, 22 and 33, are not used, the diagonal braces must extend to the outer frames, 11 and 44. Upon this main frame, the upper framing, i i, kk, is raised, for the purpose of forming a platform, on which the goods are to be placed, and which is thus constructed:-Upon the outer frames, 11 and 44, and also resting upon the cross sheths, 55, 77, the cross sheths, ll, mm, are laid at each end, an end view of which is shewn in Fig. 12. Four cast-iron boxes, rrrr, are bolted down to the side frame, 11 and 44, on each side, shewn on a larger scale in Figs. 14, 15, and 16; Fig. 14, being an elevation; Fig. 15, an end view of the inner side; and Fig. 16, a plan. Upon the cross sheths, 11, mm, and the cast-iron stands, the longitudinal sheths, ii and k k, are bolted; another longitudinal sheth, o o, (broken off in Fig. 11,) is laid upon the cross sheths, 5, 6, and 7, and bolted to them; four cross sheths, n n n n, resting in the middle upon the last-named sheth, and with their ends upon the castiron stands, rrrr, as shewn in Figs. 11, 13, and 16, are then placed across, and bolted to the lower cross sheths. This frame-work is then covered with planks, shewn in Fig. 13, and made with a little depression in the middle, for the goods to lie more securely. It will be seen also, for the same purpose, that the outside longitudinal sheths, ik, project a little above the level of the cleading of the platform. At each end, a piece of timber, ss, Fig. 12, is laid across, and which is likewise raised a little above the level of the platform. The iron bar, by which the carriage is dragged, is shewn at e e, Fig. 11, and as it reaches the whole length of the carriage, and as all the cross sheths are bolted to this bar, it gives additional strength to the frame-work. These carriages, which are generally denominated "trucks," are used for almost all the different descriptions of goods carried upon railroads; and as they present, upon a railroad, four feet eight inches in width, a superficial surface of platform of seventy-five square feet, a considerable quantity of very light goods can be placed upon them. They generally carry about four tons weight, and by increasing the dimensions of the platform, this may be increased. § 9.-Common Passenger Carriages. Figs. 1 and 2, Plate VIII. shew the elevation and plan, of the frame-work of a carriage for the conveyance of passengers, the same figures being used to refer to the same parts, as in the previous drawings of the truck carriages; 11, 22, 33, and 44, Fig. 2, are the longitudinal sheths; and 55', 5", 66' 6", 7, the cross sheths. The same inner longitudinal sheths, 22 and 33, are put in this drawing, as in that of Fig. 11, Plate VII.; but these may be omitted, when carriages are not used on the same railway, with inside bearings, or where such carriages do not travel in the same trains with the passenger carriages. 88, 99, are the cross stays; the cross sheths are mortised into the longitudinal sheths, secured with bed-bolts, and likewise with cross bolts, as shewn in the drawing. The springs of this carriage, are placed above the frame-work similar to the trucks, as shewn in Fig. 1 ; but they may be placed below, without altering the construction of the frame-work at all, it being merely necessary to raise the framing of the carriage a little higher. In the drawing, Fig. 1, the spring is shewn the same as for the truck carriages, but for passenger carriages of a better class, the springs are made much longer, and sometimes double or grasshopper springs. In this carriage no upper or raised platform is required, as on the truck carriages; that part of the wheels above the frame-work, runs underneath the seats, as shewn in the drawing. Fig. 1, is an open carriage, or what is called the second class of passenger carriages; tttttt, are the seats; w w w, the doors. A canopy is raised upon iron uprights, and covered, to shelter the passengers from the rain, and also from the small particles of coke, thrown out of the chimney of the engine; xoyu, shews the brake for stopping the carriage, which, where it presses against the wheel, is hung upon the inside of the outer sheth at y; the lever, a v o, works upon the fulcrum at v. When, therefore, the end, x, is moved outwards, it presses the brake, y u, against the wheel, by the connecting rod, oi. This is what is called a single brake, but the lever being very powerful, it is generally found sufficient. This is one of the varieties of the open passenger carriages; there are, however, many different forms, according to the fancy of the engineer; the figure shewn in the drawing is, however, a very comfortable and economical form of open carriage. § 10.-First Class, Passenger Carriages. Figs. 3, 4, and 5, Plate VIII., shew a plan of close, or first class carriage, for the conveyance of passengers. The framing of this carriage is precisely the same as that for the open carriage, described in Fig. 2, the letters referring to the same parts. Fig. 4, is a cross section, shewing the construction of the interior of the carriage; tttt, being the seats; and в, the space below the seats; rr, the stands for the springs. In some of these carriages, the seats are divided into four compartments, as shewn in Fig. 4, with arms for the comfort of the passengers. The seats, and back, and the whole of the inside, are lined with cushions, and some of them are fitted up in the first-rate style of coach-building. In the carriages shewn in the plates, the main framing is a solid piece of oak; in most of the carriages used on the Liverpool and Manchester, and also the Grand Junction or Birmingham railways, the side framing consists of two pieces of timber, kept apart two or three inches by studs, and secured by bolts. The latter mode of constructing the framing of the carriages, is for the purpose of applying a particular description of buffing apparatus, which will be hereafter described. In these carriages, the brake is worked different from the common passenger carriages, the guard sitting upon the top of the carriage. d' a", Figs. 2, 3, and 4, is an upright rod, worked by the handle, a'; this rod works a small pinion, b, and large wheel, b', on the axle of which is a small pinion, working into the toothed rack, c', fixed to the horizontal rod, c c". This rod lays hold of a lever, or arm, fixed upon the shaft, é é; and upon |