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Ostrich feathers, wax, hides, dates, wool.
Rice, linseed, grain and fruits.

Carpets, muslins, swords, corn, wine and
fruits.

Silks, wine, corn, oil and fruits.

Silks, woollens, linens, wines and brandy.
Silk, wool, wine, olive oil, fruits and salt.
Wine, salt, wool and fruits.

Fine linen, laces, woollens, and other
inanufactures.

Linens, various manufactures, and corn,
Corn, fish, horses and live hogs.

Hemp, sail cloth, tallow, iron, corn and
furs.

Iron, lumber, copper, train oil and her rings.

Lumber, fish, hides and copper.

Woollens, cottons, iron ware, tin and elegant earthen ware.

Linen, beef, tallow, butter and hides.

Remarks. Manufactured goods come from thickly settled countries, as China, India, Japan, Great Britain, and the Nether lands. Thinly settled countries commonly export raw materials, the produce either of agriculture, mines, or the forest. The best furs come from cold climates. They are exported from the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. Sugar, cotton, coffee, spices, wine, &c. require a hot climate.

Questions 1. What countries export silver? 2. What countries export gold? 3. What countries export furs? 4. What countries, sugar, rum and molases? 5. What countries export cotton? 6. Woollen goods? 7. Cotton goods? 8. Laces? 9. Silk goods 10. Sail cloth? 11. Where do the most beautiful carpets come from? 12. What countries export tin? 13. Iron? 14. Diamonds? 15. Tea? 16. Porcelain? 17. What articlcs are exported from Great Britain? 18. What, from Mexico? 19. What, from China? 20. from Kamtschatka? 21. from the West Indies? 22. from the Cape of Good Hope? 23. from Madeira? 24. from the Northwest coast of America? 25. from the southern provinces of Brazil ?

IV. PROTESTANT MISSIONS TO THE HEATHEN. The following table shows at one view the various societies of Protestants engaged in supporting missions to the Heathen. The first column gives the name of the society; the second, the country in which it is instituted; the third, the year in which it commenced operations; and the fourth, the number of missionaries and teachers in its employ, stated generally for 1819.

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Remarks. Besides the 440 missionaries and teachers, above enumerated, there are farmers,, mechanics, physicians, and the wives and children of the missionaries, who are supported in whole, or in part, from the funds of the Societies. The United Brethren, sometimes called Moravians, are about 16,000 in number. They live principally in Germany. The United Foreign Mission Society is composed of the Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, and Associate Reformed churches. The other names explain themselves.

According to the above statement, England supports 303 missionaries; Germany 85; the United States, 37, &c.

Questions. 1. In what countries are Societies established for sending Missionaries to the Heathen? 2. What are the names of the Missionary Societies in England? 3. Which is the oldest Foreign Mission Society in the United States? 4. When did it commence its operations? 5. Which Societies employ most Mis sionaries? 6. When did the United Brethren commence their missionary labors? 7. When was the London Missionary Society established? 8. What is the whole number of Protestant Mis sionaries to the Heathen? 9. How many of these are supported by England? 10. How many by the United States?

V.

The following table shows the countries in which the missionaries are stationed, stated generally for 1819.

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Those in the West Indies.
Those in South Africa

Remarks. The missionaries in Hindoostan are principally Baptists and English Episcopalians. are Methodists and United Brethren. were sent out principally by the London missionary society. Several of the Missionaries in Ceylon were sent out by the American Board, but most of them are Methodists. Those in Labrador and Greenland are exclusively United Brethren. More than half of the missionaries in South Africa, and all those in the Society islands, are employed by the London Missionary society. The missionaries of the American Board are in the Sandwich islands, among the Cherokee and Choctaw Indians, in Hindoostan and Ceylon.

Questions. 1. What country contains the greatest number of Protestant missionaries? 2. Of what denomination are the missionaries in Hindoostan? 3. What society employs most missionaries in South Africa? 4. Of what denomination are the missionaries in Labrador and Greenland? 5. Where are the missionaries of the Scotch Missionary society employed? 6. Where are the missionaries of the American Board of Foreign Missions employed? 7. What Society sent out the missionaries to the Society islands?

WINDS. In the temperate and frigid zones the winds are variable, blowing irregularly, sometimes from one point of the compass, and sometimes from another. But in the torrid zone they are very regular. In all parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans which lie in the torrid zone, except near shore, the winds blow constantly at all seasons of the year from the east. Under the equator they are due east; as you approach towards the northern tropic they incline to northeast, and towards the southern tropic, to southeast. These winds are called Trade

winds, because they much facilitate trading voyages. The Spanish flotillas, which sail annually from Acapulco, on the western coast of Mexico, to the Philippine islands, are borne along by the trade winds with uninterrupted prosperity; no attention, no skill, is required to steer them; no accident ever befalls them; and this voyage of nearly half the circumference of the globe, is often performed in sixty days, without a change of sails. It is impossible ever to return by the same track.

In the Indian Ocean the regular trade wind prevails between the southern tropic and the 10th degree of south latitude; but to the north of this last boundary, begins the empire of the monsoons. For six months, from April to October, a strong wind blows constantly from the southwest, bringing with it rain and tempest ; during the rest of the year, a dry and agreeable wind blows from the northeast. The change from one monsoon to the other is accompanied with violent storms and hurricanes.

All the islands between the tropics are refreshed by the sea and land breeze. During the day a breeze always blows from the sea; but at night it changes, and blows from the land.

Questions. 1. In what part of the world are the winds variable? 2. In what part are they regular? 3. In what direction do the trade winds blow? 4. Where do the trade winds prevail? 5. Which is the easiest voyage, from Mexico to the Philippine islands, or from the Philippine islands to Mexico? 6. In what direction do the monsoons blow? 7. Where do the monsoons prevail? 8. What is the state of the weather during the southwest monsoon? 9. How is the weather during the northeast monsoon? 10. What is the weather during the change of the monsoons? 11. Which way does the wind blow on the islands of the torrid zone during the day? 12. Which way during the night?

CURRENTS. The great currents of the ocean generally run from east to west, following the course of the trade winds. In passing, however, along the shores of continents and islands, they are often diverted from their natural course. Thus the great current which comes across the Atlantic ocean, proceeds between South America and the West India islands into the gulf of Mexico, and then rushes out with great velocity between Cuba and Florida, and proceeds north along the coast of the United States, and northeast as far as the shores of Iceland and Great Britain. This current is called the Gulf Stream. There is a current which comes from the Frozen ocean between Norway and Greenland, and passes along the western coast of Graet Britain, into the English channel. It then turns east, and rushes through the straits of Dover into the North sea. In the Pacific, Indian, an Southern Atlantic oceans, the currents, with few ex ceptions, run from east to west.

Questions. 1. In what direction do the currents of the ocean 2. What occasions a deviation from this course generally run? in some instances? 3. Describe the course of the Gulf Stream. 4. What is the course of the current which comes from the Frozen ocean between Norway and Greenland.

VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES. Volcanoes are burning mountains, with apertures, out of which are thrown with dreadful explosions, ashes, smoke, mud, fire, red hot stones, and lava. More than 200 volcanoes have been discovered, scattered over the surface of the earth, and there are probably many others in parts not yet explored. They may be compared to chimneys, through which the immense fires which rage in the bowels of the earth find vent. The most celebrated volcanoes are Mount Etna, in Sicily; Vesuvius. in Italy; and Hecla, in Iceland. The lofty peaks of the Andes in South America are one row of volcanoes, extending through New Grenada, Peru and Chili. The most terrible eruption of a volcano on record, is that which happened in 1815, in Sumbawa, one of the Sunda islands. The explosions were heard at the distance of more than 900 miles, and the ashes fell in such quantities, as to produce utter darkness, at the distance of 350 miles.

Earthquakes are the effect of the same subterranean fires which occassion volcanoes, and usually occur at the same time. They are commonly preceded by a general stillness in the air; the shock comes on with a rumbling noise, like that of carriages or of thunder; the ground heaves or rocks from side to side. A single shock seldom lasts more than a minute, but the shocks frequently succeed each other at short intervals for a considerable time. Awful chasms are often made, from which water bursts forth, and sometimes flames. The chasms are sometimes so wide as to overwhelm whole cities at once. Often the earth

opens and closes again, swallowing up some people entirely, and squeezing others to death. Sometimes men have been swallowed up in one chasm, and thrown out alive by another. Sometimes houses and farms are carried to the distance of half a mile, and every thing left standing. Sometimes whole islands are sunk in the ocean, and new ones are raised. In 1755, the city of Lisbon was almost wholly destroyed by a great earthquake which extended over a considerable part of the globe.

Questions. 1. What are volcanoes? 2. What do they discharge? 3. How many volcanoes have been discovered? 4. Which are the most celebrated volcanoes in the world? 5. Where was the volcano which produced so terrible an eruption in 1815? 6. How far were the explosions heard? 7. How far was total darkness produced by the fall of the ashes? 8. What are earthquakes occasioned by ? 9. How are they usually preceded? 10. What does the noise resemble? 11. How long do the shocks last? 12. What are some of the effects of an earthquake?

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