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the difference to be accounted for. In the old countries of Europe, the number of females, after long wars, is sometimes 10. per cent. greater than that of the males. In Great Britain and. Ireland, in 1811, there were for every 100 males 109.99 females.

It is also worthy of remark, that in the new states, the number of females is much less in proportion, than in the old states. The difference is satisfactorily accounted for by the fact that the emigrants to newly settled lands are generally young men, many of whom are without families. In Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan Territory, and Arkansas Territory, in all of which the settlements are still in their infancy, the number of females in 1820, was but little more than 80 for every 100 males; while in New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, all of which lost many of their inhabitants by emigration, the number of females was greater than that of the males. The excess of females in the NewEngland states, and particularly in Massachusetts, is also ascribed in part to the great number of men engaged in a seafaring life, in which they are not only exposed to peculiar hazards, but are frequently without a fixed place of residence, and are absent at sea at the time of taking the census.

It is also worthy of remark, that in Louisiana and Michiga territory the number of white females is uncommonly small. This deficiency is compensated in Louisiana by a very unusual proportion of free colored females; and in Michigan territory perhaps by Indians and mestizoes, who do not appear in the census. The proportion of free colored females in the District of Columbia is unusually large.

Questions.] 1. How many white females were there to every 100 white males in the United States in 1790? 2. How many, in 1800? 3. How many in 1810? 4. How many, in 1820? 5. What was the occasion of the increased proportion of females in 1820 6. Is there any essential difference in the proportion of the sexes, between the white and black population? 7. In which states were the white females more numerous than the white males in 1820? 8. To what is the excess of females in these states to be ascribed? 9. In which states were there less than 90 white females to every 100 white males in 1820? 10. To what is the deficiency in the number of females in these states to be attributed?

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States.

TABLE. VI. Showing what proportion of the free white population were under ten years of age; between 10 and 16; 16 and 26, &c. according to the census of 1820.

Free white Males.

Free White Females.

Under ten

years of age

Of 10 and
under 16.

Of 16 and
under 26.

Of 26 and
under 45.
Of 45 and
upwards.

Under ten
years of age
Of 10 and
under

16.

Of 16 and

under 26
Of 26 and

under 45

Of 45 and

upwarde.

Maine,

N. Y.

N. J.

Pa.

16.65 8.25 9.60 9.33 6.55 15.67 8.06 10.36 9.50 6.33
14.58 8.08 9.33 9.40 7.55 14.19 7.75 10.17 10.57 8.19
13.75 7.46 9.58 10.54 7.48 13.41 7.4210.2211.17 8.94
14.53 7.38 9.56 9.59 7.41 13.74 7.26 10.58 10.92 9.01
13.79 7.74 9.67 9.59 8.16 13.21 7.42 10.1810.84 9.35

N. H.
Mass.
R. I.
Conn.
Vermont 15.20 8.1910.27 9.38 6.89 15.04 7.91 10.52 10.08 6.48
16.70 7.82 9.96 10.40 6.09 16.24 7.64 9.93 9.74 5.43
16.34 7.75 9.57 9.51 7.20 15.51 7.57 9.98 9.72 7.00
17.24 7.57 10.08 9.54 6.33 16.48 7.71 9.97 9.27 5.85
Dela. 17.37 8.52 10.75 10.72 6.25 16.58 8.25 10.67 10.67 6.32
Md. 15.95 7.28 10.14 10.73 6.52 15.16 7.5210.45 10.12 6.09
Virginia, 17.22 7.58 9.75 9.616.33 16.32 7.58 10.34 9.27 5.91
N. C. 18.00 7.85 9.43 8.65 6.07 16.93 7.8910.79 9.08 5.99
S. C. 17.99 7.6810.07 9.30 5.86 16.80 7.89 10.00 8.30 5.58
Georgia, 18.60 7.73 10.22 9.38 5.70 17.42 7.84 9.78 8.06 4.74
Alabama, 19.56 7.18 10.68 10.36 4.65 18.09 7.19 9.14 7.58 3.31
Miss. 19.25 7.63 10.8212.135.37 17.15 7.54 9.00 7.37 3.79
Louis, 16.26 6.4211.92 15.33 6.58 15.09 7.48 9.15 7.76 4.23
Tenn. 19.93 8.38 9.13 8.04 5.52 18.66 8.17 9.28 8.23 4.60
Ken. 19.11 8.28 9.51 8.76 5.76 17.63 8.08 9.64 8.164.76
Ohio, 19.37 7.95 9.89 9.45 5.49 18.39 7.65 9,25 8.46 4.11
Indiana, 20.34 7.86 9.90 9.59 4.85 19.00 7.35 9.35 8.24 3.47
Illinois, 19.65 7.8713.45 10.71 4.91 17.79 7.47 9,01 7.76 3.36
Missouri, 19.06 7.60 11.67 11.82 5.19 17.44 7.10 9.06 7.61 3.39
Mich. T.14.35 6.5715.22 18.36 7.16 13.29 6.17 8.14 7.00 3.13
Ark. T. 19.20 7.8811.41 11.62 5.48 17.137.20 9.43 7.47 3.41
Col. Dis. 14.49 6.81 9.59 12.80 5.71 14 687.2611.14 11.57 5.97

Total, 17.11 7.79 9.62 9.74 6.29 16.28 7.70 9.93 9.37 5.88

1

2 3 4

6

7 8 9 10 11

Remarks. From the 6th and 11th columns it appears that the proportion of persons in Connecticut, Rhode island, Massachusetts and New-Hampshire, over 45 years of age, is much greater, than in any other part of the Union. It must not be inferred however, from this, that the climate of those states is more favourable to life. The difference is doubtless the effect of emigration. Large numbers of young people have recently gone from those states to the western country, and the aged, who remain behind, of course constitute a greater proportion of the population. Accordingly we find that in the new states, particularly in those where the settlements have just commenced, the proportion of aged persons is very small. In Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, it is not more than half as great as in New-England. The difference is most striking among the females

The children under ten years of age are of course the offspring, almost entirely, of the females between 16 and 45; yet it is remarkable, that in those parts of the country where the females between these ages are most numerous, the proportion of children is the smallest; and on the contrary, where the females between these ages are least numerous, the proportion of children is the greatest. For example, in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, and the District of Columbia, where the females between 16 and 45 constitute more than 21 per cent. of the population, the children, including both males and females, make less than 28 per cent. ; while in Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, where the females between these ages make only 17 per cent. of the population, the children make nearly 38 per cent. This seems to prove, that in the old states the number of females not married between the ages of 16 and 45 is much larger in proportion than in the new states. If the number of children under ten years of age is a fair criterion of the number of married females between 16 and 45, then, in the same amount of population, there are 12 married females in Alabama, Mississippi, &c. where there are 7 in the old states of New England. This would prove that at least five twelfths of the females in New England between 16 and 45 are not married.

In Michigan territory there are several wide deviations from the cominon proportions. The proportion of men between 16 and 45 is uncommonly large. This is probably owing to the fur traders, who are considerable numerous, and have long been in the habit of intermarrying with the Indians. The proportion of white females between 16 and 45 is, therfore, as we should expect, uncommonly small, their place being supplied by Indian women. The number of children is also small, because those of the mixed breed do not appear in the census.

The proportion of men in Louisiana between 16 and 45 is uncommonly large. This is probably to be attributed to the number of young men engaged in commercial pursuits in the city of New-Orleans.

From the lower column of the table it appears that 33.39 per cent, or one third of the population of the United States, consists of children under ten years of age. Nearly one sixth part is composed of persons between 10 and 16; nearly one fifth, of persons between 16 and 26; nearly one fifth of persons between 23 and 45; and about one eighth of persons over 45.

Questions. 1. How large a proportion of the population consists of children under 10 years of age? 2. What proportion is between 10 and 16? 3. What proportion, between 16 and 26? 26 and 45? 45 and upwards? 4. In which states are aged persons most numerous? In which states are they least numerous ? 5. What is the occasion of the difference? 7. In which states is the proportion of females between 16 and 45 greatest? In which states is it least? 8. In which states are the children upder 10 years of age most numerous? In which, are they the least numerous,

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TABLE VII. Showing what number of the free white population were under 10 years of age; between 10 and 16; 16 and 26, &c. according to the census of 1820,

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or 45 and

lupwards.

Maine,

¡N. H.
Mass.
R. I

Conn.
Vt.

N. Y.

N. J.

Pa.

Dela.

Md.

Va.

N. C.

S. C.

3,263||

49,217 24,528| 28,530| 27,742 19,178|| 35,466 19,672 22,703 22,956 18,413|| 70,993 33,573 49,506 54,414 38,668|| 11,530 5,860 7,596 7,618 5,858 36,848 20,682 25,831 25,632 21,814|| 35,708 19,241 24,137 22,035 16,189 222,608 104,297 132,753 138,634 81,259 42,055 19,970 24,639 24,418 18,537 175,381 77,050 102,550 97,144 64,493 9,071 4,448 5,516 5,607 41,511 18,952 26,404 27,916 16,960 103,963 45,762 58,863 57,898 38,245 75,488 32,912 39,527 36,264 25,453 41,701 17,825 23,354 21,578 13,589|| 35,444 14,743 19,483 17,874 10,860|| 17,103 6,281 9,336 9,055 4,064 8,104 3,216 4,560 5,110 2,296 11,817 4,710 8,747 11,236 4,822 67,746 28.497 31,028 27,349 18,780|| 83,050 36,004 41,328 38,178 25,136 111,683 45,858 57,008 54,432 31,626||| 29,629 11,454 14,428 14,072 7,066|| Illi. 10,554 4,227 6,224 5,755 2,641 Misso. 10,677 4,25€ 6,537 6,622 2,909 MichT 1,220 559 1,334 1,661 Ark.T. 2,420 985 Col.D. 3,276 1,540

Geo.

Ala.

Missi.

Lou. Tenn.

Ken.

Ohio,

Ind.

46,565 23,982 30,823 28,248|| 15 34,599 18,899 24,806 25,797) 19 69,260 38,308 52,805 57,721) 4 10,917 5,769 8,407 8,671 35,299 19,833 27,205 29,060) 20 35,327 18,577 24,713 23,685) 152 216,513101,904 132,492 129,899 72 39,921 19,504 25,637 21,61 166,710 78,425 101,404|| 94,345 5

8,657 4,311 5,573 5,537 23 39,454 19,578 27,293 26,347| 15: 98,485 45,766 62,411 55,9952) 70,998 33,101 42,255 33,065 38,963 18,305| 23,150 20,407) 33,177 14,937 18,642 15,365 4 15,810 6,289 7,993 6,625| 2 7,220 3,176 3,791 3,107 14 11,062 5,484 6,708 5,695) 63,419 27,770 31,569 27,931 77,641 35,120 41,905 35,48 106,036 44,106| 53,337 48,797| 27,684 10,707 13,635 12,009 9,558 4,018 4,842

4,166) L

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609

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TABLE VIII. Comparing the ages of the Slaves with those of the free colored population of the United States.

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Remarks. The proportion of free colored persons over 45 years of age is much greater than that of the slaves. It cannot be inferred from this circumstance that there is any thing in the situation of the slaves prejudicial to long life. The difference is doubtless owing to the emancipation of slaves who are advanced in life. The proportion of free colored females between 26 and 45 is much greater than that of the female slaves between the same ages; yet the free colored children under 14 years of age are less numerous than the children of the slaves. This seems to indicate that the slaves are increasing faster than the free colored persons, and of course that their condition is happier.

TABLE IX. Comparing the ages of the white and black population of the United States.

Classes.

Males.

Females.

Whites,
34.52 9.74 6.29
Blacks, 34.92 10.56 5.35

33.91 9.37 5.83
33.95 10.15 5.05

Remarks. From this table it appears that 12.17 per cent. of the white population are upwards of 45 years old, while of the blacks the proportion is only 10.40 per cent. making a difference of nearly one sixth in favor of the longevity of the whites. If we make the comparison, however, with the whites of the southern states, the result would be less favorable. In the states south of Pennsylvania and the river Ohio, including Missouri and Louisiana, only 11.23 per cent. of the white population are more than 45 years old.

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