cotton of a superior quality. A narrow margin on the coast of the main consists also of hammock lands and salt marshes. Immediately back of this are the pine barrens, interspersed with numerous inland swamps. The rivers and creeks have also near their mouths marshy lands, called brackish swamps; and higher up, river tide swamps, which are entirely fresh. The pine barrens reach 60, and in some places 90 miles from the coast. Beyond this commences a country of sand hills, from 30 to 40 miles wide, interspersed with fertile tracts, and extending to' the falls of the rivers. The part of the state above the falls of the rivers is called the Upper country, and has generally a strong fertile soil. Cotton is the principal production of Georgia. It is of two kinds, the black seed, or sea island, and the green seed, or upland. Rice is extensively cultivated in the swamps of the low country. The fruits are figs, oranges, melons, pomegranates, olives, lemons, &c. The forests afford fine timber, chiefly oak and pine, for exportation.

Climate.] The climate does not differ essentially fromTM that of South Carolina. The winters are mild and pleasant. Snow is seldom or never seen, and vegetation is not often injured by severe frosts. Cattle subsist tolerably well through the winter, without any other food than what they obtain in the woods and savannas, and are fatter in that season than in any other. In the upper country the air is pure and salubrious throughout the year, and the water abundant and good. In the low country the inhabitants are subject to various disorders, arising partly from the badness of the water, which is generally brackish; and partly from noxious vapors, which are exhaled from the stagnant waters, and putrid matter, in the rice swamps. Savannah has heretofore been very unhealthy, on account of the large extent of lands in the vicinity devoted to the cultivation of rice but in 1817, the inhabitants voted 70,000 dollars to the proprietors of these lands, as an inducement to abandon the wet cultivation and adopt the dry mode.

Rivers.] Savannah river separates Georgia from South Carolina on the northeast. The Tennessee just touches the state on the northwest; the Chatahoochee separates it from Alabama on the S. W. and the St. Mary's from Florida on the south.

The Savannah is formed by the union of the Tugaloo and Kiowee, both of which rise in the western part of North Carolina. The Tugaloo forms the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia from the parallel of 35° N. lat. till it unites with the Kiowee, after which the common stream under the name of Savannah river, runs in a S. E. direction, and meets the Atlantic in Tybee sound under lat. 32° N. It is navigable for large vessels to Savannah, 18 miles, and for boats, to the falls, at Augus ta, 340 miles farther. Above the falls, boats can go 60 miles without obstruction.

The Ogeechee rises in Greene county, and running in a S. E. direction, passes by Georgetown and Louisville, and fails into Ossabaw sound, at Hardwick, 20 miles south of Savannah, after a course of about 200 miles.

ocean.

The Alatamaha is formed by the Oconee and Ocmulgee, both of which rise in the northern part of the state, and running in a direction E. of S. parallel with each other, for several hundred miles,unite at the southern extremity of Montgomery county. After their union the river runs in a S. E. direction about 100 miles, and discharges itself into the Atlantic by several mouths, 60 miles S.W. of Savannah. It is navigable for vessels of 30 tons as far as Milledgeville on the Oconee branch, 300 miles from the The bar at the mouth has 14 feet of water at low tide. The Satilla discharges itself into the Atlantic under the paraldel of 31° N. lat. opposite the northern extremity of Cumberland island, after an E. S E course of about 190 miles.-St. Mary's river, which, during its whole course, forms the boundary between Georgia and Florida, rises in Okefonoco swamp. It first takes a southerly direction for a considerable distance; then, after bending eastward, turns to the north, and proceeds as far as lat. 30° 40'. Its course is thence S. of E. for 60 miles, to the ocean, into which it discharges itself between Amelia and Cumberland islands. It has 21 feet of water on the bar at high tide, and is navigable for vessels drawing 14 feet of water for more than 70 miles.

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The Chatahoochee and Flint rivers unite at the S. W. tremity of the state to form the Appalachicola. The Chatahoochee rises in the northern part of the state, near the head waters of the Savannah, and runs first in a S. W. direction almost to the western boundary; it then turns and pursues a course E. of S. till it meets Flint river. During the latter part of its course it forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama. Flint river rises near the head waters of the Ocmulgee, and runs at first in a southerly and afterwards in a southwesterly direction through a fertile country for about 200 miles.

Swamp.] Okefonoco swamp lies partly in Georgia and partly in Florida. It is 180 miles in circumference, and gives rise to two rivers, the St. Mary's, which has already been described, and the St. Juan or Suwaney, which runs wholly in Florida. There are some spots of rich hammock land, and some pine barrens interspersed among the swampy tracts. The only inhabitants are alligators, snakes, frogs and musketoes. The number of these insects, and the large portion of poisonous vapor produced in warm weather, render it uninhabitable by any human being.

Chief Towns] Savannah is on a high sandy bluff, 40 feet above low water mark, on the S. W. bank of Savannah river, 17 miles from the bar at its mouth. Vessels drawing 14 feet water can come up to the city. Larger vessels receive their cargoes 3 miles below. The city is regularly laid out in the form of a parallelogram, and contains 10 public squares, at equal distances from each other, inclosed and planted with trees. Many of the houses recently erected are splendid edifices. Among the public buildings are a hospital, theatre, 3 banks, and 10 houses of public worship. The city is the centre of commerce for a large extent of country. In nine months, ending June 30th

1817, produce was exported to the amount of $9,966,503. Population, in 1820, 7,523, of whom 3,075 were slaves.

Augusta is on Savannah river, just below the falls; 127 miles N. W. of Savannah by land, 340 by water. It is well situated for commerce, and large quantities of produce are brought hither to be carried down the river to Savannah. It contains a theatre, an academy, a spacious city hall, 5 houses for public worship, and about 4,000 inhabitants.

Milledgeville, the capital of the state, is on the Oconee, 300miles by water from the mouth of the Alatamaha. The Oconee is navigable to this place for boats of 30 tons, and large quantities of cotton and other produce are brought here to be carried down the river. Population, in 1820, 2,069.

Sunbury is a pleasant and healthy town at the head of St. Catherine's sound, 40 miles S. of Savannah. Darien is on a high sandy bluff, on the north and principal channel of the Alatamaha, 12 miles from the bar at its mouth, and 62 S. S. W. of Savannahı. Owing to the rapid settlement of the country between the Oconee and Ocmulgee, it has risen within a few years to be a place of much importance. Exertions are now making to render this town the place of export for the produce of the rich back country with which it is connected. Brunswick, on the N. bank of Turtle river, 10 miles S. of Darien, has a fine harbor. StMary's, on the N. side of St. Mary's river, 9 miles from its mouth, has a good harbor, and contained, in 1820, 771 inhabitants.

Education.] The university of Georgia consists of a college, called Franklin college, established at Athens, 70 miles N. of Milledgeville, and of an academy, either established, or to be es tablished in each county. This body of institutions is under the direction of a Senatus Academicus, consisting of the Governor and Senate of the state, and 15 trustees. The senatus academicus appoints a board of commissioners in each county to superintend the academy of the county, and the inferior schools. In 1817, $200,000 were appropriated by the legislature for the establishment of free schools throughout the state.-Franklin college commenced operation in 1803. It has a president, 4 professors, 2 tutors, and about 30 students. Its funds are 100,000 dollars in bank stock, and 50,000 acres of land.

Population and Religion.] The population in 1790 was £2,548 ; in 1800, 162,686; in 1810, 252,433; and in 1820, 340 989,having increased more than fourfold in 30 years. Of the popus lation in 1820, 149,676 were slaves, and 1,763 free blacks. The Baptists and Methodists are much the most numerous religious denominations.

Indians.] The western part of the state is in possession of the Todians, viz. the Creeks and the Cherokees. The Indian country lately embraced more than 40,000 square miles, or two thirds of the whole state; but by the treaty of Fort Jackson, the claim of the Creeks was extinguished to more than 11,000 square miles in the southern part of the state, including the whole country below the parallel of 31° 35', and a considerable district

north of that parallel. The Creeks now own about 15,000 square miles, extending from Ocmulgee to Chatahoochee river, and traversed from north to south, nearly in the middle, by Flint river in the upper part of its course. The number of the Creeks was formerly estimated at 24,000, but in their war with the United States in 1813-14, they suffered severe losses. They are now reduced to 20,000, but are still the most warlike tribe on this side the Mississippi. For several years past efforts have been made to introduce among them agriculture and the arts of civilized life, and with considerable success.The Cherokees lately possessed 16,000 square miles in the northern part of the state; but in 1819, they ceded a large district of it to the United States. Their country embraces also the N. E. part of Alabama, and the S. E. part of Tennessee.

Government.] The legislature is styled the general assembly, and consists of a senate and house of representatives, chosen annually by counties. Each county sends one senator and from one to four representatives. The governor is chosen for two years by the general assembly.

Commerce and Mannfactures.] In 1820 Georgia was the seventh state in the union in the value of her exports. The amount was $6,594,623, and consisted almost wholly of domestic produce. The staple of the state is cotton. The amount of shipping in 1815 was only 15,590 tons. The value of the manufactures for

the year 1810 was estimated at $3,658,481.

Islands.] There are numerous islands near the coast. The principal, beginning in the north, are, Tybee, on which is a light house, at the month of Savannah river; Warsaw, Ossabaw, St. Catherine's, and Sapelo, between the mouths of the Ogechee and the Alatamaha : St. Simons and Jykill, between the mouths of the Alatamaha and the Satilla; and Cumberland island, which extends from the mouth of the Satilla to that of St. Mary's river.

Curiosity.] In the N. W. corner of the state, within half a mile of Tennessee river, is Nickojack cave. It commences in a precipice of the Rackoon mountain, with a mouth 50 feet high, and 160 wide. Its roof is formed by a solid and regular layer of limestone, having no support but the sides of the cave, and as level as the floor of a house. The cave consists chiefly of one grand excavation through the rocks, preserving for a great distance the same dimensions as at its mouth. What is more remakable still, it forms for the whole distance it has yet been explored, a walled and vaulted passage for a stream of cool and limpid water, which, where it leaves the cave, is 6 feet deep and 60 feet wide. Col. Ore, of Tennesse, explored this cave a few years since. He' followed the course of the creek in a canoe for three miles within the cave, and was prevented from proceeding further by a fall of water.

ALABAMA.

Situation and Extent.] Alabama is bounded N. by Tennessee; E. by Georgia, from which it is separated in part by the Chatahoochee; S. by Florida and the gulf of Mexico; W. by the state of Mississippi. The western boundary begins on Tennessee river, at the mouth of Bear creek, and proceeds by a direct line to the N. W. corner of Washington county, and thence, due south, to the Gulf of Mexico. The southern boundary here commences, and proceeds eastwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river; thence, up the same, to the parallel of 31° N. lat. and thence, due east, along that parallel, to the western boundary of Georgia. The area of the state is estimated at 44,000 square miles.

Divisions.] The state is divided into 24 counties.

Rivers.] The Tennessee enters the state at its N. E. corner, and curving towards the south, leaves it at its N. W. corner. The Chatahoochee forms part of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia.

The Mobile is formed by the union of the Alabama and Tombigbee, 40 miles above the town of Mobile. After a course of about three miles, it divides, and enters Mobile bay in several channels. The main western channel retains the name of Mobile river; the main eastern channel is the deepest and widest, and is called the Tensaw.

Alabama river is the eastern brach of the Mobile. It is formed by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, both of which rise in Georgia, near the sources of the Chatahoochee and Savannah rivers, and flowing in a S. W. direction, unite 3 miles below fort Jackson; after which the common stream, taking the name of Alabama river, runs in a S. S. W. direction till its union with the Tombigbee. From its mouth to Cahawba, 210 miles, it has 4 or 5 feet of water; and from Cahawba to the forks of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, 3 feet in the shallowest places. The Tallapoosa is navigable for boats to the Great falls, 38 miles. The navigation of