CLIMATE.

The winters are somewhat less cold and the summers less hot than in England, and the weather more changeable. Owing to its proximity to the Western Ocean the air is damp, to which the perpetual verdure of its pastures is in a great measure owing.

MINERALS.

Granite and the other primitive rocks rise more extensively to the surface than in England, and limestone resting upon these, occupies twothirds of the surface of the island. Marble is found, principally, in Kilkenny and Galway. Coal is not an abundant mineral, and it is of inferior quality; it is wrought in Tyrone and Antrim, in Leitrim, and in Kilkenny. The metals are not extensively procured, though gold and silver, as well as the baser metals, have been found.

A remarkable range of basaltic columns, called the Giant's Causeway, is met with near Bengore Head, in Antrim. The fossil remains of an enormous elk, or moose deer, are frequently found in the bogs; the antlers of this extinct animal are sometimes ten feet between the tips.

TOWNS IN IRELAND.

The Figures (1), (2), show the number of Members of Parliament respectively returned.

Antrim, Lough Neagh; linen manufacture.

Ardeé, Louth, r. Dee.

Arklow, Wicklow, Irish Sea; oyster fishery, for the Liverpool market.

Armagh, Armagh; large inland trade, chiefly in grain, linen, and yarn: archbishop primate of all Ireland. Pop. 10,245. (1.)

Athlone, West Meath and Roscommon, r. Shannon; a strong military post: conveniently situated for trade. Pop. 6,393. (1.)

Athy', Kildare, r. Barrow and Canal; considerable traffic with Dublin by means of the canal.

Ballinasloe', Galway; famous for its large cattle fairs. Ballycastle, Antrim, North Channel; an exposed harbour: collieries.

E

Ballymēna, Antrim, r. Braid; linen trade. Pop. 5,549. Ballyshannon, Donegal, r. Erne, which discharging the waters of Lough Erne into Donegal Bay, forms near this town a magnificent cascade; linen: large supplies of salmon sent to London and Liverpool.

Baltinglass, Wicklow, r. Slaney; druidical remains. Banagher, King's Co., Shannon; the river is here crossed by a bridge of 19 arches, which is guarded by batteries on each side. The town is well situated for trade, having a great command of inland navigation. Bandon, or Bandonbridge, Cork, r. Bandon; a strong garrison. Pop. 9,049.

Bangor, Down, Belfast Lough.

Bantry, Cork, Bay of Bantry; the trade of this port, once considerable, is now confined to the export of grain. Belfast, Antrim, Belfast Lough; an important commercial town, the centre of the linen manufacture, that of cotton is spreading extensively; it exports grain and salt provisions, trades with America and the West Indies, and has much intercourse with Scotland: it possesses an academical institution, which, without the privileges, possesses most of the advantages of a university: its inhabitants are nearly all of Scotch extraction. Pop. 75,308. (2.)

Birr, or Parsonstown, King's County. Pop. 6,336.
Blessington, Wicklow, r. Liffey.

Boyle, Roscommon, r. Boyle; linen manufactories.
Callan, Kilkenny.

Carlingford, Louth; a large harbour, but a dangerous entrance excellent oysters.

Carlow, r. Barrow; coal, grain: its butter is of the finest quality. Pop. 10,469. (1.)

Carrick, Leitrim, r. Shannon.

Carrick, Tipperary, r. Suir. Pop. 9,165.

Carrickfergus, Antrim, Carrickfergus [Bay; good harbour: King William landed here in 1690, previous to the battle of the Boyne. (1.)

Cashel, Tipperary, r. Suir; the see of a bishop: its cathedral is a remarkable ruin. Pop. 7,036. (1.) Castlebar, Mayo; linen: extensive trade in grain and agricultural produce. Pop. 5,137.

Castlemartyn, Cork.

Cav'an, Cav'an; linen manufactories.

Charleville, (pro. Tch-) Cork.

Charlemont, (pro. Tch-) Armagh, r. Blackwater. Clogher, Tyrone; an ancient city, now a poor village. Clonmel', Tipperary, r. Suir; cotton manufacture, agricultural produce: Sterne born here. Pop. 13,505. Cloyne, Cork; Dr. Berkeley, the metaphysician, was some time bishop of Cloyne.

Coleraine, Londonderry, r. Bann; salmon fishery: Giant's Causeway near. Pop. 6,255.

Cork, r. Lee; second city in Ireland: large export of mess beef, and pork and butter: great intercourse with Bristol. Pop. 80,720.

Cove, Cork, Cork harbour; its spacious harbour is much resorted to by vessels on their passage to the West Indies. Pop. 5,142.

Dingle, Kerry, Dingle Bay.

Donaghadee', Down, Irish Channel; mail packets to Port Patrick, the distance of which is only 22 miles.

Donegal', Donegal, Donegal Bay.

Down Patrick, Down, Strangford Bay; St. Patrick interred here. (1.)

Drogheda, Louth, r. Boyne; imports coals and goods from England: exports grain. Pop. 17,300.

Dublin, Dublin, r. Liffey; the metropolis of the island and the second city in the United Kingdom: its trade is injured by a bar across the entrance of its harbour: it exports largely corn, cattle, hides, &c. : its business is chiefly transacted with Bristol, Liverpool, and London an university founded by Queen Elizabeth: the see of an archbishop: Archbishop Usher, and Burke born here. Pop. 232,726. (2.)

Dundalk, Louth, Dundalk Bay; muslins. Pop. 10,782. (1.) Dungannon, Tyrone; coal mines. (1.)

Dungarvan, Waterford, Dungarvan Bay; this town supplies Dublin with fish and great quantities of potatoes: butter. Pop. 8,625. (1.)

Elphin', Roscommon.

Ennis, Clare, r. Fergus. Pop. 9,318.

Enniskillen, Fermanagh, Lough Erne; bravely resisted James II. Pop. 5,686. (1.)

Fermoy, Cork, Blackwater; was a military dépôt during the last war with France.

Galway, (pro. Gaulway) Galway Bay; linen manufacture: herring and salmon fisheries. Pop. 17,275. (2.) Gort, Galway.

Gran'ard, Longford.

Hillsborough, Down.

Kells, East Meath, r. Blackwater.

Kildare; horse-races, the Newmarket of Ireland. Kilkenny, r. Nore; fine marble: coarse woollens. Pop. 19,071. (1.)

Killal'a, Mayo, Killala Bay.

Killaloe, (pro. Kil-la-loo') Clare, r. Shannon; salmon fishery.

Killarney, Kerry, Lake Killarney; the country round the Lake is very beautiful. Pop. 7,127.

Killough (pro. Kil-loó) Down, Irish Sea; salt, corn, &c. Killybegs, Donegal, Donegal Bay; a noble harbour: herring fishery.

Killyleagh, Down, Strangford Lake; linen and thread. Kilrea, Derry, r. Bann.

Kingston, Dublin, Dublin Bay; a fine harbour: the port

of Dublin; mail packets to Liverpool and Holyhead. Kinsale, Cork, r. Bandon; a maritime arsenal, may be

called the Plymouth of Ireland. Pop. 6,918. (1.) Knocktopher, Kilkenny.

Larne, Antrim, Lough Larne; its harbour a valuable refuge for shipping on this coast.

Limerick, r. Shannon; exports provisions. Pop. 48,391. (2.) Lifford, Donegal, r. Foyle; a bridge connects it with Strabane, of which it is now a dependency. Pop. 5,456. Lisburn, Antrim, r. Lagan; a handsome town: its linen and cambrics are in much repute the manufacture of the finer branches of the linen trade was introduced by a body of Huguenots, who settled here on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Pop. 6,284. Lismore, Waterford, r. Blackwater; salmon fishery. Londonderry, r. Foyle; memorable siege against the forces of James II. Pop. 15,196. (1.) Longford, r. Camlin; linen manufactory. Loughre'a, Galway, r. Loughrea. Pop. 5,458. Mallow, Cork, r. Blackwater; a hot spring, resembling the wells at Bristol. Pop. 6,851. (1.)

Maryborough, Queen's County, r. Barrow.

Maynooth, Kildare; St. Patrick's College, established and supported by government for the education of Roman Catholic priests.

Mitchelstown, Cork; to the west of the town is a castle, the seat of the Earl of Kingston, the most magnificent modern building in Ireland.

Monaghan, Monaghan.

Mullingar', Westmeath; a large market for corn, butter and cattle.

Naas, (pro. Nace) Kildare, r. Barrow and canal.

Nav'an, East Meath, r. Boyne and Blackwater. Pop. 5,628. Nenagh, Tipperary, r. Nenagh; the most important town between Dublin and Limerick.

Newcastle, Limerick; also in the county of Dublin, &c. New Ross, Wexf., r. Barrow; well situated for trade. (1.) Newry, Down, Canal; a large and increasing town: the principal port in the island for the shipment of butter. Pop. 11,972. (1.)

Omagh', Tyrone.

Philipstown, King's County, Canal.