RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Relative Pronouns are such as relate, in general, to some word or phrase going before, which is thence called the antecedent; they are who, which, and that; as, "The man is happy who lives virtuously."*

What is a kind of compound relative, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent, to that which; as, "This is what I wanted;" that is to say, "the thing which I wanted."

Who is applied to persons, which to animals and inanimate things; as, " He is a friend, who is faithful in adversity;" "The bird, which sung so sweetly is flown ;" This is the tree, which produces no fruit."

That, as a relative, is often used to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to persons and things; as, "He that acts wisely deserves praise ;" Modesty is a quality that highly adorns a

woman.

Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL.

Nominative

Possessive

Objective

Who

Whose

Whom

Who, which, what, are called Interrogasives, when they are used in asking ques

*See Grammar, 14th, or any subsequent edition, p. 62, the note.

tions; as,

"Who is he?" "Which is the

book?" "What are you doing?"

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of pronouns and adjectives.

The adje~'

ouns may be subdivided into four sorts, namely, the possessive, the distributive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite.

1. The possessive are those which relate to possession or property.

There are seven of them, viz. my, thy, his, her, our, your, their.

Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, were formerly used before a substantive or adjective beginning with a vowel, or a silent h; as, "Blot out all mine iniquities."

2. The distributive are those which denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately and singly. They are, each, every, either; as, "Each of his brothers is in a favorable situation." "Every man must account for himself." "I have not seen either of them."

3. The demonstrative are those which precisely point out the subjects to which they relate this and that, these and those, are of this class; as, "This is true charity; that is only its image."

This refers to the nearest person or thing,

C

and that to the more distant: as,

This mari is more intelligent than that." This indicates the latter, or last mentioned; that, the former or first mentioned as, "Wealth and poverty are both temptations; tends to excite pride; this, discontent."

that

4. The indefinite are those which express their subjects in an indefinite or general manner. The following are of this kind: some, other, any, one, all, such, &c.

Other is declined in the following manner

A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to

do, or to suffer; as,

ruled."

66 I am, I rule, I am

Verbs are of three kinds; Active, Passive and Neuter. They are also divided into Regular, Irregular and Defective.

A Verb Active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon; as, to love; "I love Penelope."

A Verb Passive expresses a passion or a suffering, or the receiving of an action: and necessarily implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon; as to be loved; Penelope is loved by me. A Verb Neuter expresses neither action

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nor passion; but being, or a state of being; as, "I am, I sleep, I sit."

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Auxiliary or Helping Verbs, are those by the help of which the English verbs are principally conjugated; they are do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, with their variations; and let and must, which have no variation. To Verbs belong Number, Person, Mood, and Tense.

NUMBER AND PERSON.

Verbs have two numbers, the Singular and the Plural; as, “I love, we love.” In each number there are three persons; as,

SINGULAR.

First Person. I love.

Second Person. Thou lovest.
Third Person. He loves.

PLURAL.

We love.

Ye love!

They love..

MOODS.

Mood or Mode is a particular form of the verb, showing the manner in which the being, action, or passion, is represented.

There are five moods of verbs, the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential, the Subjunctive, and the Infinitive.

The Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares a thing; as, "He loves; he is loved:" or it asks a question; as, “Does he love? Is he loved ?"".

- The Imperative Mood is used for com manding, exhorting, intreating, or permit

ting; as, Depart thou; mind ye; let us stay; go in peace.

It

The Potential Mood implies possibility or liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, may rain; he may go or stay; I can ride ; he would walk; they should learn."

The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing under a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c. and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and attended by another verb; as, "I will respect him, though he chide me;" "Were he good, he would be happy;" that is, "if he were good."

The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a general and unlimited manner, without any distinction of number or person; as, "to act, to speak, to be feared."

The Participle is a certain form of the verb, and derives its name from it participating, not only the properties of a verb, but also those of an adjective; as, "I am desirous of knowing him;" Admired and applauded, he became vain;" Having finished his work, he submitted it ;" &c.

There are three Participles, the Present or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the compound Perfect; as, "loving, loved, haying loved."

THE TENSES.

Tense, being the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the present, past and future; but to mark it more accurately, it is made to consist of six variations, viz. the