tesy and friendship-gravity and eloquence distinguished them in council-address and bravery in war: they were not more easily provoked than the English, but when once they had received an injury, it was never forgotten: in anger they were not like the English, talkative and boisterous, but sullen and revengeful. The men declined all labor, and spent their time in hunting, fishing, shooting, and warlike exercises. They imposed all the drudgery upon their women, who gathered and brought home their wood, planted, dressed and gathered their corn; when they travelled, the women carried their children, packs and provisions. The women submitted patiently to such treatment; this ungenerous usage of their husbands they repaid with smiles and good humor.

The clothing of the natives was the skins of wild beasts, the men threw a mantle of skins over them, and wore a small flap which was termed Indian breeches; the women were much more modest, they wore a coat of skins, girt about their loins, which reached down to their hams, which they never put off in company: if the husband chose to dispose of his wife's beaver petticoat, she could not be persuaded to part with it, until he had provided another of some sort.In the winter their blanket of skins which hung loose in summer, was tied, or wrapped more closely about them. The old men, in the several seasons, also wore a sort of trowsers made of skins, and fastened to their girdles, and on their feet they wore moccasins, made of moose leather, and their chiefs or sachems wore on their heads a cap decorated with feathers.

Their houses or wigwams were at best but miserable cells; they were constructed generally like arbors, of small young trees bent and twisted together, and so curiously covered with mats or bark, that they were tolerably dry and warm-the natives made their fires in the centre of the house, and there was an opening at the top which emitted the smoke. For the convenience of wood and water, these huts were commonly erected in groves, near some river, brook, or living spring; when either failed, the family removed to another place.

They lived in a poor, low manner; their food was coarse and simple, without any kind of seasoning; they had neither spice, salt or bread-their food was principally the entrails of moose, deer, bears, and all kinds of wild beasts and fowls; of fish and snakes they were extremely fond; they had strong stomachs, and nothing came amiss. They had no set meals, but like other wild creatures, ate when they were hungry, and could find any thing to satisfy the cravings of nature; they had but little food from the earth except what it spontaneously produced: Indian corn, beans and squashes, were the only eatables for which the natives of New England labored.

Their household furniture was of but small value. Their beds were composed of mats or skins; they had neither chairs nor stools, but commonly sat upon the ground, with their elbows upon their knees: a few wooden and stone vessels and instruments served all the purposes of domestic life-their knife was a sharp stone, shell. or kind of reed, which they sharpened in such a manner as to cut

their hair, make their bows and arrows, &c.; they made their axes of stone, which they shaped somewhat similar to our axes, but with the difference of their being made with a neck instead of an eye, and fastened with a withe, like a blacksmith's chisel.

The manner of the courtship and marriage of the natives manifested the impurity of their morals.-When a young Indian wished for marriage, he presented the girl with whom he was enamored with bracelets, belts and chains of wampum; if she received his presents, they cohabited together for a time upon trial-if they pleased each other they were joined in marriage: but if, after a few weeks, they were not suited, the man, leaving his presents, quitted the girl and sought another mistress, and she another lover.-In this manner they courted until two met who were agreeable to each other.

The natives of New England, although they consisted of a great number of different nations and clans, appear to have spoken, radically, the same language, from Piscataqua to Connecticut.-It was so nearly the same, that the different tribes could converse tolerably together. The Mohegan, or Pequot language was essentially that of all the Indians in New England; the word Mohegan, is a corruption of Muhhekaneew, in the singular, or of Muhhekaneek, in the plural. The Penobscots, bordering on Nova Scotio-the Indians of St. Francis, in Canada-the Delawares, in Pennsylvania-the Shawanese, on the Ohio-and the Chippewaus, at the westward of Lake Huron, all now speak the same radical language.

5

FROM

CAMPBELL'S

HISTORY OF VIRGINIA.

CHAPTER I.

THE origin of Virginia is not, like that of most nations, involved in fable and obscurity. Not much more than two centuries have elapsed since our shores were first visited by European adventurers. We are able to trace our history from the first movements of colonial infancy, and can mark with precision our moral and physical progress. If a paucity of interesting materials sometimes check our research, we are compensated for the deficiency of matter by the recency of the events, and the interest they are calculated to excite. To observe the rise of society and the changes and revolutions of states and empires, is the most pleasing, and not the least profitable employment of the human mind. But we must feel a peculiar interest in reviewing the conduct and marking the policy of our ancestors. We shall behold our state, from the very embryon of her existence, rising amidst enemies, and progressing amidst difficulties towards her present grandeur and population.

It was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, that the celebrated This illusSir Walter Raleigh projected a settlement on our coast. trious statesman having obtained letters patent empowering him to discover and settle remote lands, fitted out, with the assistance of his friends, two small vessels for this purpose. These, under the command of captains Philip Amydas and Arthur Barlow, sailed from the About the middle of July, Thames, on the 27th of April, 1584. they cast anchor at a place called Wococon, on the coast of North Carolina.

Soon after their landing they were visited by several of the natives, and among others by the king's brother, whose name was Granganameo. This chief discovered no apprehensions from the intrusion of the strangers, but invited them to sit down on his mat with him and his attendants.

After this first interview, frequent visits were made by the natives, chiefly for the purpose of trading in skins, corals, and other articles, The village where Granganameo resided was situated on the island of Roanoke, about twenty miles from the place of their first landing. Thither Captain Amydas, with seven of his companions, went on a visit, and were hospitably entertained by the wife of that chief, who was himself absent.

The town consisted of eight or nine houses, built of cedar, and enclosed by a slender palisade. The attention of the wife of Granganameo to the English, is worthy of remark. It shows, that hospitality is not confined to civilized nations, and that the rudeness of the savage may be mingled with the noblest traits of humanity. She ordered the boat of the English to be drawn on shore that it might not be injured by the surge. When dinner was ready, she invited her guests into a room, where they were presented with venison, fislı, and hominy, or boiled corn. How fearless soever the natives might be of the designs of the English, all suspicion was not removed from the breasts of the latter. Observing some of the Indians approach with their bows and arrows, they seized their arms and put themselves in a posture of defence. The wife of Granganameo, on this occasion, endeavored to remove their fears by commanding those implements of war to be taken from the Indians, whose vain or thoughtless parade had excited alarm. In the evening they returned to their boat, and lay at some distance from the shore, for fear of some hostility from the natives during the night.

The discoveries of the English during their stay on these coasts were very limited. They penetrated but a few leagues from the place of their first landing, and gained from the natives but little information respecting their country. No trace of this coast having ever been visited by any civilized people was discovered. Nothing but a confused account of a vessel having been wrecked on their shores, about thirty years before, was obtained from the natives.

About the middle of September, our adventurers returned to England, carrying with them two of the natives, Manteo and Wanchese, who showed a willingness to visit the land of the English.

This discovery produced so much satisfaction to Queen Elizabeth, that she named the country Virginia, in honor, as has been supposed, of her own virginity.

Sir Richard Grenville, with seven ships, sailed from Plymouth, in the following year, 1585, for Virginia. With him returned Manteo, whose knowledge of his native country and the language of the Indians, rendered him of singular service to the English both as a guide and interpreter. Under his guidance they visited several towns and made various excursions through the country. During their stay at one of the towns called Akascogock, an Indian stole from the company a silver cup. This trivial offence brought destruction on their town, which was reduced to ashes by their merciless invaders.

Grenville after this sailed for Hatteras, leaving about a hundred men at Roanoke, under the command of Ralph Lane. During his

He

stay at Hatteras he received a visit from Granganameo, whose friendship and services the English had much cause to remember. soon after sailed for England, where he arrived on the 18th of September, with a Spanish prize, taken on his way.

CHAPTER II.

BEFORE we proceed in our colonial history, it may be proper to give some account of the inhabitants of this newly discovered country. Their history becomes so much blended with that of the colony, as to make an inquiry into their situation and population at this time an object worthy the attention of the reader. Our limits will confine us, however, to a few general observations.

According to the account of Captain John Smith, that part of Virginia that lies between the sea and the mountains was inhabited by forty-three different tribes of Indians. Thirty of these were united in a grand confederacy under the emperor Powhatan. The dominions of this mighty chief, who was long the most powerful rival, and most implacable foe, with whom the English had to contend, extended over that part of the country that lies south of the Potowmack betwixt the coast and the falls of the rivers.

In comparison with civilized countries this extensive territory contained but a scanty population. The Powhatan confederacy consisted of but about eight thousand inhabitants, which is less than a twentieth of its present population.

Besides this confederacy, there were two others which were combined against that of Powhatan. These were the Mannahoacks and Manakins; the former of whom, consisting of eight tribes, occupied the country lying between Rappahannock and York rivers; and the latter, consisting of five tribes, was settled between York and James rivers, above the falls. Besides these, were the Nottoways, the Meherricks, the Tuteloes, and several other scattering and independent tribes.

The hereditary dominions of Powhatan lay on James river, which originally bore his name. He had a seat on this river about a mile below the falls, where Richmond now stands, and another at Werowocomoco on the north side of York river, within the present county of Gloucester.

This monarch was remarkable for the strength and vigor of his body, as well as for the energies of his mind. He possessed great skill in intrigue and great courage in battle. His equanimity in the career of victory, was only equalled by his fortitude in the hour of adversity. If he had many vices incident to the savage life, he had some virtues seldom found among the civilized. He commanded a respect rarely paid by savages to their werowance, and maintained a