subject, when he learns, as he will do from Mr. Dauney's very elaborate and interesting dissertation upon the subject, how necessary a branch of ordinary education music was formerly considered in Scotland; where both secular and sacred music were publicly taught at the different music schools then existing in all the principal towns throughout the country, as regularly as they are at the present day in music-loving Germany; and this, too, as Mr. Dauney shows, not only during the sway of the Roman Catholic Church, but for many years after the Reformation. But let us hear Mr. Dauney himself upon this point, “While in England the change of religion did not produce any great immediate alteration on the music of the church, in this country (Scotland) there can be no doubt that the annihilation of the great choral establishments, the exclusion of organs and other instruments from the service, and the severe simplicity of the style of Psalmody introduced by the rigid disciples of Calvin and Knox, had a considerable effect in checking the progress of the art. This, James, or rather his advisers, saw with regret, and they not improbably thought, that there was some danger lest the same fierce and intolerant spirit, which in destroying the images and idols of Popery, had, along with them, swept away many of the richest and most costly monuments of art, would shortly carry its indiscriminate zeal so far, as to attack the whole system of musical instruction, as one of the remaining symbols of Antichrist. Hence the following statute, passed on the 11th November, 1579: "For instruction of the youth in the art of musick and singing, quhilk is almaist decayit, and sall shortly decay, without tymous remeid be providit, our Soverane Lord, with avise of his thrie estatis of this present parliament, requestis the provest, baillies, counsale, and communitie of the maist special burrowis of this realme, and of the patronis and provestis of the Collegis, quhair sang scuilis are foundat, to erect and sett up ane sang scuill, with ane maister sufficient and able for instruction of the youth in the said science of Musick, as they will ansuer to his hienes upon the perrell of their fundationis, and in performing of his hienes request do unto his Majestie acceptable and gude plesure." This Act must have had the effect, not only of keeping up such Music Schools as had been previously established, but of causing the erection of others. We have documents before us, showing, that in Aberdeen, Ayr, Cupar, Dunbar, Dundee, Elgin, Irvine, Lanark, St. Andrew's, &c. for many years after, and in some instances before the Act 1579, besides the teacher of the Grammar School, an individual held the appointment of "Master of the Music or Song School." Thus far had we proceeded some months since in our analytical notice of this highly curious and interesting work, when we were interrupted by other and less agreeable duties. In the meanwhile, Mr. Dauney's work has met with a fate rarely equalled by volumes of so learned and antiquarian a character, and has been noticed and properly appreciated by nearly all our critical brethren. We therefore, at this late hour, abstain from continuing our analysis; but we cannot part from the work, without assuring our antiquarian as well as musical friends, how large a stock of agreeable information, as well as delightful melody, is bound up in its pages; nor without assuring Mr. Dauney, that the pleasure which we have derived from its perusal, and the interest which it has excited in us, will tempt us some day or other to submit to him and all the worthy patrons of Sylvanus Urban, some selections from the writings of the Musical Critics of Germany, illustrative of the origin and peculiarities of the National Music of Scotland. The Student's Manual of Modern History. By W. C. Taylor, LL.D., F.R.A.S., of Trin. Coll. Dubl. 8vo. HAVING read Dr. Taylor's History of Mohammedism with pleasure, and being pleased with a cursory inspection of his Manual of Ancient History, we opened the Modern Manual, trusting to experience no little delight in perusing it. To refuse it the praise of judicious arrangement and felicitous style, would be unjust; but these recommendations are, unfortunately, balanced by numerous defects. Those defects, at the same time, are such as a little care will serve to remove. One of the faults, an occasional want of perspecuity, is, in some degree, owing to the nature of the work; it is certainly very difficult to condense and abridge, and yet preserve clearness; and the epitomizer, if he is not exceedingly careful, will often have to say -Brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio." At p. 54, Dr. Taylor says that the Kaliphate, "after being long an empty title, was finally abolished A. D. 1258." One might suppose, from reading this sentence, that the Kaliphate was abolished at Bagdad, as the Statholderate was in Holland, by a national decision; whereas it expired in the person of the last Kaliph, who was put to death by the Mogul Tar tars. P. 60. At the death of Charlemagne "the Saracenic empire in Spain was distracted by civil commotions." This language is not strictly applica. ble till a period two centuries later. P. 55. "The Popes, as the Bishops of Rome were called from an unknown period." This wording would imply that the bishops of Rome alone were called Popes, whereas that appellation was anciently given to all Christian prelates. (Robinson's Theological Dictionary, Art. Roman Catholics.) P. 69. It is a slovenly practice to give quotations without a reference, when the source can be ascertained. A very good passage on the Byzantine empire, quoted at this place, is taken from the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. xix. p. 103, art. the Byzantine Historians. It is acknowledged by inverted commas, but a reference should have been given, if the author was able to do so. P. 71. "The revolution [in the Kaliphate] was completed in the reign of Al Khadi (A.D. 936.)" This name is properly Rhadi or Radhi. P. 73. An instance occurs of the bad effect of placing different subjects in the same line. An outline account of the Assassins is given, and then abruptly follows this sentence: After the death of Malek Shah (A.D. 1092) disputes arose between his sons." It would seem from this that Malek Shah was one of the Assassin chieftains, whereas he was a Seljucian. This sentence ought to have begun in a separate paragraph. P. 80. The emperors "formally announced the sovereignty which their predecessors had exercised over the city of Rome and the ecclesiastical states." This should be renounced. P. 86. The author gives as the fourth crusade, the expedition which Mills, the historian of those events, enumerates as the fifth. P. 98. "These sectarians called Vaudois or Albigenses." The terms are not synonymous. P. 119. Gonzago for Gonzaga. P. 124. "Three brave men resolved to attempt the deliverance of their country.' This is the celebrated revolt of the Swiss against the Austrians. But why not give their names? Suppose that an author in writing a History of Greece, when he came to the time of Thrasybulus, were to say, "A brave man resolved to attempt the deliverance of his country," and omit to name him-how would Dr. Taylor characterise the omission? P. 145. The "last sovereigns [of Mexico], Montezuma and Guatimozin, were put to death with cruel tortures." The latter certainly was, but not the former. There was an intermediate sovereign, Quetlavaca, who died immediately after his accession; but the nature of this abridgment hardly admitted of naming him, for the synecdochical style is necessarily employed in works of this description. P. 154. Aguadello. M. Sismondi, who is the best authority in this case, writes it Aigndel (Italicè Aignadello). P. 156. The following sentence is strangely involved by the use of two negatives: "Francis could not hide his anticipations of success, no more than his mortification when he failed." P. 158. It is quite a misnomer to call the mother of Francis I. the queen mother, for she was not the wife of a king, although the mother of a king. She was Countess of Angoulême, and for a time bore the title of Regent, but this does not authorise the expression. The mistake is precisely such as Lord Melbourne made when he styled the Duchess of Kent the Queen-Mother, for which he was corrected by Lord Brougham, who reminded him that the mother of the Queen was the proper appellation. At p. 160 she is properly called the King's Mother, as she should have been before. P. 159. "Francis was enabled to invade Italy, and penetrate to the very walls of Naples.' Who would not suppose, from reading this sentence, that Francis did this in person? Whereas the army was commanded by Lautrec, and he advanced to Naples.. This is one of the evils of writing in too compressed a style. P. 162. We are told that the imperial governor of the Milanese "seized two ambassadors sent from the Parisian court to Turkey, and put them to death." This is incorrect; one of them was sent to Venice, and the other to Turkey. (See the History of France by President Henault, ad ann. 1542.) P. 163. The peace of Cressy for Crespy may be a misprint, but it is repeated in the next page. In his Manual of Ancient History, Dr. Taylor observes, "From the great number of names and dates in these pages it is probable that some typographical errors may have escaped detection; but it is hoped that none will be found of sufficient magnitude to produce inconvenience." Now it so happens that typographical errors will often occasion such a change in words as to alter the meaning of sentences and give quite a different colour to history. Thus for instance, at p. 17 of the Modern Manual, (note) in speaking of China the author mentions "the imperial dynasty of the HUNS." Many readers would naturally connect this passage with the warlike nation the Huns (who, like the Goths and Vandals, were once the scourge of Europe), and would suppose that they had established a dynasty in China, called after their own name. On examination, however, it appears that no such dynasty ever sat on that throne, but that the fifth dynasty bore the somewhat similar name of the HANS. It is singular that this family was at war with the Huns, and drove them forward upon the Greek kingdom of Bactria, which they annihilated. A more important error, resulting from the mistake of a single letter, has seldom occurred. In the list of the kings of Poland, at the end of the volume, occurs Michael Coryleat. A person who might happen to copy this list would fall into a great error, for the real name is Corybut. If this mistake is owing to the GENT. MAG. VOL. XII. small type in which the lists are printed, what shall be said to Philip Anhidæus (for Arrhidæus), among the kings of Macedon, printed in capitals, in the Ancient Manual? Nay, the very page of the preface in that work, which offers the above-quoted apology for misprints, contains such a mistake as Washsmuth for Wachsmuth. At p. 29 of the Ancient Manual we have Pattus for Battus, the king of Cyrene. It is to be wished that the author had been as careful in avoiding misprints as he is anxious to extenuate them. Such errors are vexatious, to readers who have acquired any knowledge of the subject, while they are sure to mislead those who have not, and who read these volumes for the sake of information. Here we stop, without pursuing this unpleasant annotation further in the volume, lest we should appear to have purposely searched out defects. The author's views are often luminous, his principles are excellent, and many characters gain in estimation from the way in which he exhibits them. The account of the Justinian Code is very good. The particulars of the knowledge which the Chinese had of the compass, introduced from Klaproth, are curious. Indeed one of Dr. Taylor's merits as an historian consists in combining information from various quarters so as to form a valuable whole. We quote the following passage from p. 137, as serving to clear up a common historical misnomer. Timur pretended to be descended from Jenghin, and on this account he is frequently called Timur the Tartar, and this error was perpetuated in India, where his descendants, the emperors of Delhi, have been denominated the Great Moguls." Timur, as Dr. Taylor observes, was a Jagatay Turk. The indolence of the Emperor Heraclius appears to have been well comprehended, and justly treated, by Dr. Taylor. At p. 39, he observes that, after his victories, "the Emperor himself, as if exhausted by his great efforts, sunk into hopeless lethargy." We have no doubt that this is the true state of the case, and that Heraclius was what is now commonly called a dyspeptic. This may be traced, almost from the time of his accession; an insult, offered to his religious feelings by Ꮓ Chosroes the Persian, roused him into activity; but stimulants unfortunately are not tonics, and the excitement of warfare and conquest only served in the end to increase his infirmities. The following passage, at p. 100, contains a good analysis of Irish history, in the twelfth century. "Ireland was at this period divided into five petty sovereignties, whose monarchs harassed each other by mutual wars, and could rarely be induced to combine for their common interest. The island had been frequently devastated, and once completely subdued by the Danes; several septs of these foreigners retained possession of the chief commercial cities, and even the king of Man was formidable to a country distracted by intestine wars. When their Norman brethren conquered England, the Danes in Ireland entered into a close correspondence with William and his successor, a circumstance which probably first suggested to Henry the notion of conquering the island." We would ask, whether this expression "Rise of the factions of the Circus," is correctly placed under Anastasius 1. in the fifth century? Suetonius speaks of Caligula (Cal. c. 55), as being Prasinæ factioni addictus. It was, however, in the reign of Justinian, and with respect to the family of Anastasius, that they first acquired their character for ferociousness. The index is of a new description, being both analytical and chronological. The events are given in the order of time, with their dates prefixed, and a reference is added, in the same line, to the page in which they are related. We observe one misprint, which requires to be corrected. "1740. Extinction of the Stirian imperial family," where the reference is to p. 128, instead of p. 125.* of an Armenian. In Galignani's Guide through France, American occurs instead of Armorican; and a similar mistake is found in M. Aimé Millet's (not to be confounded with Millot) French history of the Lower Empire. The History and Antiquities of Carlisle The author has commenced with Carlisle Cathedral, which, from the remoteness of its situation, in addition to its unfinished and mutilated state, has received but little attention from the hands of the antiquary-still, although it is destined to hold an inferior rank amongst our Cathedrals, to occupy a place inferior to the grand and splendid structures at Canterbury or Lincoln, and to yield in proportion and beauty to Wells, Lichfield, or Salisbury, it possesses many features which are beautiful in the eye of the antiquary, and valuable to the student of our ancient architecIt is highly desirable that these ture. The choir, for instance, is a rich volumes should be carefully revised by specimen of the architecture of the the author himself, and indeed it is fourteenth century, and is perhaps with this feeling that we have waived not surpassed by any existing structhe further search of mistakes. In ture of equal magnitude. such errors this volume is by no means singular. In the last edition of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, Haiton is called an American instead Mr. Billings proposes to illustrate this Cathedral by forty-five engravings, to be accompanied by an historical and architectural account, which * In the Introduction to the Ancient Manual, the Author refers to "the chapter on India." It is singular that no chapter occurs with that title, but the information to which he alludes (viz. ancient routes of trade between India and Europe) is to be found at p. 430, in the chapter entitled "Foreign Commerce of the Romans in the age of the Antonines." at the conclusion of the work is to be presented gratis to the subscribers. The first part of the proposed publication has appeared, containing fifteen plates, etchings executed by the author from his own drawings, in a bold and free style, and though not so highly and expensively finished as the plates in the early published Cathedrals of Mr. Britton, well calculated to display the features and architecture of the structure pourtrayed. This Cathedral affords an instructive lesson on the mode pursued by the ancient prelates and churchmen in rebuilding their churches: a work which was constantly going on, and the progress of which was only stopped by the arrival of the day of spoliation. The Cathedral was originally of Norman architecture, and of small dimensions, when compared with the existing choir, which appears to have been the commencement of a grand design for rebuilding the whole church in the splendid and beautiful architecture which prevailed about the junction of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The architect contemplated the preservation of so much of the old church as he could use to advantage in his new design, not sweeping away the ancient structure to its very foundations, according to the practice of modern architects, when any new-fangled building is to be raised on the ruins of an older one. He intended to preserve the south transept with the correspondent piers of the tower, meaning to work them into the new edifice; but as the north transept would, in consequence of the extension of the choir in breadth, have been within the walls of the new choir, he rebuilt that branch of the cross, and on the east side of it, made provision for the addition of an aisle, which has not been carried into effect, although its commencement is manifested by the existence of the angular pier of the eastern aisle, which was completed before the removal of the wall of the transept, and now remains partially embedded in such wall. If this plan had been fully executed, the present tower, no way grand enough for a structure of so great magnificence, would with the Norman nave have been entirely taken down; but the work never proceeded beyond the choir, which, as we before remarked, is a resplendent specimen of architecture. The inspection of Mr. Billings' ground plan will plainly shew the commencement of the intended aisle, and Plate III. being the elevation of the north aisle, shews with equal distinctness the profile of the eastern wall of this aisle, set out upon the face of the wall of the choir aisle. The elaborate and tasteful design of the eastern window, one of the purest and most elegant examples of the flowing and foliated tracery of Edward the Third's reign in existence, is exhibited in elevation, accompanied with sections, plans, and details, and a diagram, in which the construction of this curious piece of workmanship is shewn geometrically. The remaining plates exhibit the detail, which includes some objects of the most curious description; among other masonic freaks displayed in the structure, are seen two corbels in which the terminations are made to appear as if they were ribbons tied in knots. The windows of the church, which are partly lancet-shaped and partly foliated, are detailed with measurements in correct style, and the construction of the tracery is shewn geometrically. Two curious winding staircases are worthy of notice; the newels end in ribs resembling the bars of a crown: they form the subject of two perspective views. One of the plates contains the detail of a structure styled a Confessional: if it be correctly designated, it is an almost unique example of this appendage, which, however commonly met with in the Roman Catholic churches of the present day, either did not exist in our ancient churches, or the remains must, in every other instance, have been so completely removed as to leave a reasonable ground for doubting their presence, a circumstance far from probable, if they had formed permanent structures of stone like the one here represented. Perspective views of the exterior, and of portions of the interior of the cathedral, are given, as well as of a plain but bold circular arched gateway of the Norman period, known as the Abbey gate. The whole form a |