even its nature are very little understood; and it is in the investigation of this part of the sun that the chief scientific importance of total eclipse observations is found.

Among total eclipses, the one which visits England this year cannot be described as a favourable one. The greatest duration of totality in any eclipse under the most favourable conditions is just less than eight minutes; about three minutes is a more usual time. In the eclipse of June 29, totality is predicted to last for only about twenty-four seconds. Before and after these precious few seconds the corona, the chromosphere and the prominences will be quite invisible. The eclipse begins at about 5.30 a.m. summer time; totality occurs at about 6.25, and the sun will then be only about twelve degrees above the horizonthree degrees lower than its midday altitude at London in midwinter. The eclipse will be over by about 7.20. Nevertheless, if observers are so fortunate as to have a cloudless sky they should see the chromosphere, the corona, and the promin nces. The sun at this date will be in the constellation of Gemini. There will be two third magnitude stars just above the sun on the right and one not far distant on the left. Aldebaran will be nearly due east at an altitude of about 25°, Capella further round to the north-east at an altitude of 40°. Jupiter will be due south at about 36° altitude, but the other bright planets will be below the horizon. The aspect of the sky will be the same as it is at about six o'clock in the evening at the end of December.

The accompanying map shows the path of the moon's shadow as it passes from west to east across the surface of

part of Wales and northern England. The shadow will be about 30 miles wide. Places very near the central line are Criccieth, Southport, Settle, and the Hartlepools; Sunderland and Fleetwood are very close to the northern limit of totality; Saltburn and Liverpool are just inside the southern limit. Expert astronomers will have decided beforehand how to employ their cameras and spectroscopes so that not a second of totality shall be wasted.

What advice can we give to observers who cannot make helpful scientific observations? They must see the eclipse; and there is a great deal to see in a very short time. One sometimes hears people say, "Well, even if it isn't total here, it will be very nearly so." This implies that they think that an eclipse which is very nearly total is almost as fine a sight as one which is total. This is quite wrong. Absolute totality is essential in order to get any view of those parts of the sun which are not seen at ordinary times. The strange darkening of the sky and the visibility of some stars in an annular or a large partial eclipse are interesting; but the total eclipse is a very much more wonderful spectacle. But if the sky is clear, it is not necessary to be exactly on the central line in order to get a satisfactory view of the eclipse. Five miles or so on either side of the central line makes practically no difference in the duration of totality; and at Liverpool and Durham which are much nearer to the edge of the shadow belt than to the centre, the total phase is predicted to last eighteen seconds and twelve seconds respectively.

The Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, has pub(Continued on page 316)

Practical English

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Exercises which have challenged the attention of pupils ordinarily indifferent to the appeal of English composition and stimulated them to creative work of no mean value. They are graduated, and, generally speaking, of the Self-Help type.

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Selected by G. OGILVIE, M.A. 256 pages. 2s. 6d. Also in Two Parts. Part 1, Is. 2d. Part 2, Is. 4d. Includes both narrative and lyrical poetry and choice range of modern poetry, with some fine Prose Extracts, and valuable Appendix. MAGIC CASEMENTS is a Junior Anthology with poems arranged in order of difficulty. 96 pages. Cloth, rod.

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lished an Eclipse Map" (on paper, flat, 2s. 6d.; folded, in covers, 3s.; cut into sections, mounted on linen and folded in covers, 4s.). It is on the scale of ten miles to the inch, and it gives all the information that is required as to position of central and bounding lines of the shadowtrack, time, and altitude of sun. Roads and railways are clearly marked, and the chief physical features are easily identified, and heights above sea-level are stated. It is hoped that observing parties will be sent out from schools which are reasonably near to the area of totality. The University of London is making arrangements for candidates to be free of examinations on June 28 and 29 in order that they may see the eclipse. It is hard to give useful advice as to the locality where the sky is most likely to be clear. The best prospects seem to be on high ground well inland. Places near the East Coast are less suitable on account of the prevalence of fog. It will be seen from the map which we publish that the track crosses the centre and south of the Pennines, and any of the high land from Settle to Richmond seems to give the best prospect of a clear sky. Whether or not they use telescopes or field

In Memoriam.

"

glasses, observers should provide themselves with deeply tinted or smoked glass. A photographic negative with varying intensity of light and darkness is very useful. The glass should be tested on the sun before the day of the eclipse. It would be as well not to look at the bright strip of uncovered photosphere shortly before totality, or the eye will be in a less sensitive state for receiving the delicate impressions of the corona when the eclipse becomes total.

Of special trains or excursions there is some information available at the time of writing. The London and North Eastern Railway Company is running an excursion train from King's Cross at about 10 p.m. on June 28 to Richmond, Yorkshire; arriving in London about 9 p.m. on the 29th. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company is running two excursion trains to Southport, and is also offering very low rates for parties from various schools. Full particulars of these and other excursions will no doubt be made public in the Press. Meanwhile we await the day with eagerness and some anxiety. Has England ever been in greater need of a glorious morning?

FRANCE L'Enseignement Public devotes the hundred pages of the February number to the memory of its late distinguished editor. The son of a village schoolmaster, and starting from the primary school, Paul Lapie was chosen in 1925 to fill the highest educational post in France-the rectorship of the Academy of Paris. At the memorial ceremony in his honour at the Sorbonne, representatives of the three grades of education paid eloquent tribute to the man and his work. One of his most cherished hopes had been (we read) to see a union, a penetration, a closer fellowship between the three orders." The lines of closer union he had already indicated in his "Sketch of a plan of general reform in our national education, which shall institute a régime of democratic justice, and make the worth of the child the essential factor in its progressive education." Of this plan the two basic principles are laid down as axiomatic : All Frenchmen of comparable worth have an equal right to the best education," and "Any system which offers unequal opportunities, and attaches privileges not to worth but to fortune, must be condemned."

"

"

"

Very striking are the unofficial appreciations by eminent colleagues and friends of Lapie's many-sided A Lay Saint. activities. But to us, who hardly knew his name, most interesting of all is an address (here printed in full) he delivered in Harvard last September, to the International Congress of Philosophy, on Moral Education in French Schools. A champion of lay morality (he was often spoken of as a "lay saint ") his address is a succinct history, a penetrating analysis, and a burning defence. We quote one revealing paragraph: "Whenever, in the last forty years, juvenile crime has seemed to be increasing, the easy cry has been raised-'It is the fault of the lay school.' But no proof is forthcoming. Minute and methodical investigation, indeed, proves the contrary-proves conclusively that the young criminals come for the most part from families either dispossessed by economic crises, or disintegrated by death or divorce. Children thus thrown on themselves too often break away from the school and escape its influence. It cannot therefore be held responsible for their crimes." Of such minute and methodical investigation, involving months of the closest application, Lapie, when Director of Primary Education, was often not only the initiator, but chief organizer. Distinguished alike in philosophy and sociology (to him is largely owing the recent development of the Collèges des Nations so pregnant for worldpeace), he will be chiefly remembered, as he would have chosen to be remembered, for his services to education-" the all-round preparation for life."

Towards the end of last year a ministerial decree sanctioned

comments." In small centres where no secondary education for girls exists, the boys' schools are thus gradually becoming mixed. This beginning of co-education, in a limited field and under strict control, has been very encouraging."

The secondary teachers of Paris (men and women) recently issued a declaration that if by March 31 there A Protest. had been no satisfactory readjustment of salaries, they would request their representatives to resign from all official bodies, and would consider further forms of protest. We understand (but have seen no official confirmation) that the resignation has actually taken place.

SWITZERLAND

Local Education Days are becoming the fashion. Last year Lausanne devoted two to certain hindrances Education Days. to education, and last month two more to certain aids (collective work, educational games, family life, art, religion). Earlier in the year Neuchatel discussed in one day the problem of the education of girls for maternity and citizenship.

The International Bureau of Education has recently issued a searching questionnaire on Patriotism, adWhat is dressed to adults of all countries. It is felt Patriotism? that the sociological and psychological bases of the various emotions loosely classed together under that timeworn battle-cry have never yet been systematically investigated. Copies may be obtained from 4 Rue Charles Bonnet, Geneva. We owe these notes to the Educateur, the admirable fortnightly organ of the Institut Jean Jacques Rousseau, invaluable to all interested in the forward movement in education. (Annual subscription, 10 francs.) Recent numbers have naturally had echoes of the Pestalozzi Centenary. One of the most interesting is the decision of some of the Swiss Women's Societies to raise a fitting monument to the memory of Pestalozzi's wife, who died at Yverdon in 1815, after nearly fifty years of devoted and inspiring companionship.

CANADA

The following note is based on a recent article in The School, the monthly organ of the Ontario College of Schools on Education. For hundreds of miles along the Wheels. immense stretches of railway in Ontario (a thousand miles square) there are neither cities, towns, nor villages. There are therefore no schools. Yet there is a big, scattered, shifting population of men and women, boys and girls ---out of reach even of the correspondence classes inaugurated last year for the benefit of isolated families. A further step has now been taken, and the Minister of Education, with the co-operation of the railway companies, has set up two travelling schools on wheels. Half of each car is fitted up as a schoolroom. There are a dozen desks of various sizes, a blackboard; two bookcases, one with books for children and one intended as a travelling library for adults; a globe, maps, and even a school bell. Next

(Continued on page 318)

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