officers, 'you hear the opinion of one who understands Highland war better than any of us. No voice was raised on the other side. It was determined to fight; and the confederated clans in high spirits set forward to encounter the enemy. troopers. The horses had been ill fed and ill tended among the Grampians, and looked miserably lean and feeble. Beyond them was Lochiel with his Camerons. On the extreme left, the men of Sky were marshalled by Macdonald of Sleat. The enemy meanwhile had made his way up In the Highlands, as in all countries where the pass. The ascent had been long and toil-war has not become a science, men thought it some: for even the foot had to climb by twos the most important duty of a commander to and threes; and the baggage horses, twelve hun- set an example of personal courage and of dred in number, could mount only one at a bodily exertion. Lochiel was especially retime. No wheeled carriage had ever been nowned for his physical prowess. His clanstugged up that arduous path. The head of the men looked big with pride when they related column had emerged and was on the table land how he had himself broken hostile ranks and while the rearguard was still in the plain below. hewn down tall warriors. He probably owed At length the passage was effected; and the quite as much of his influence to these achievetroops found themselves in a valley of no great ments as to the high qualities which, if fortune extent. Their right was flanked by a rising had placed him in the English Parliament or ground, their left by the Garry. Wearied with at the French court, would have made him one the morning's work, they threw themselves on of the foremost men of his age. He had the the grass to take some rest and refreshment. sense however to perceive how erroneous was Early in the afternoon, they were roused by the notion which his country men had formed. an alarm that the Highlanders were approach- He knew that to give and to take blows was ing. Regiment after regiment started up and not the business of a general. He knew with got into order. In a little while the summit of how much difficulty Dundee had been able to an ascent which was about a musket shot before keep together, during a few days, an army comthem was covered with bonnets and plaids. posed of several clans; and he knew that what Dundee13 rode forward for the purpose of sur- Dundee had effected with difficulty Cannon veying the force with which he was to con- would not be able to effect at all. The life tend, and then drew up his own men with as on which so much depended must not be sacrimuch skill as their peculiar character permitted ficed to a barbarous prejudice. Lochiel therehim to exert. It was desirable to keep the fore adjured Dundee not to run into any unclans distinct. Each tribe, large or small, necessary danger. "Your Lordship's busiformed a column separated from the next col- ness,'' he said, "is to overlook everything, and umn by a wide interval. One of these bat- to issue your commands. Our business is to talions might contain seven hundred men, while execute those commands bravely and promptanother consisted of only a hundred and twenty. | ly." Dundee answered with calm magnanimity Lochiel had represented that it was impossible that there was much weight in what his friend to mix men of different tribes without destroying all that constituted the peculiar strength of a Highland army. Sir Ewan had urged, but that no general could effect anything great without possessing the confidence of his men. "I must establish my character for courage. Your people expect to see their leaders in the thickest of the battle; and to-day they shall see me there. I promise you, on my honour, that in future fights I will take more care of myself.” On the right, close to the Garry, were the Macleans. Nearest to them were Cannon and his Irish foot. Next stood the Macdonalds of Clanronald, commanded by the guardian of their young prince. On their left were other bands of Macdonalds. At the head of one Meanwhile a fire of musketry was kept up on large battalion towered the stately form of both sides, but more skillfully and more Glengarry, who bore in his hand the royal steadily by the regular soldiers than by the standard of King James the Seventh.14 Still mountaineers. The space between the armies further to the left were the cavalry, a small was one cloud of smoke. Not a few Highlandsquadron consisting of some Jacobite gentle-ers dropped; and the clans grew impatient. men who had fled from the Lowlands to the mountains and of about forty of Dundee's old The sun however was low in the west before "We the cry of men who are going to win." He had walked through all his ranks, had addressed a few words to every Cameron, and had taken from every Cameron a promise to conquer or die. It was past seven o'clock. Dundee gave the word. The Highlanders dropped their plaids. gether, and of the English regiment, which had poured a murderous fire into the Celtic ranks, and which still kept unbroken order. All the men that could be collected were only a few hundreds. The general made haste to lead them across the Garry, and, having put that river between them and the enemy, paused for a moment to meditate on his situation. sions and baggage of the vanquished army. Such a booty was irresistibly tempting to men who were impelled to war quite as much by the desire of rapine as by the desire of glory. It is probable that few even of the chiefs were disposed to leave so rich a prize for the sake of King James. Dundee himself might at that moment have been unable to persuade his followers to quit the heaps of spoil, and to complete the great work of the day; and Dundee was no more. The few who were so luxurious as to wear rude socks of untanned hide spurned them He could hardly understand how the conaway. It was long remembered in Lochaber querors could be so unwise as to allow him that Lochiel took off what probably was the even that moment for deliberation. They only pair of shoes in his clan, and charged might with ease have killed or taken all who barefoot at the head of his men. The whole were with him before the night closed in. But line advanced firing. The enemy returned the the energy of the Celtic warriors had spent fire and did much execution. When only a itself in one furious rush and one short strugsmall space was left between the armies, the gle. The pass was choked by the twelve hunHighlanders suddenly flung away their fire-dred beasts of burden which carried the provilocks, drew their broadswords, and rushed forward with a fearful yell. The Lowlanders prepared to receive the shock: but this was then a long and awkward process; and the soldiers were still fumbling with the muzzles of their guns and the handles of their bayonets when the whole flood of Macleans, Macdonalds, and Camerons came down. In two minutes the battle was lost and won. The ranks of Balfour's regiment broke. He was cloven down while struggling in the press. Ramsey's men turned their backs and dropped their arms. Mackay's own foot were swept away by the furious onset of the Camerons. His brother and nephew exerted themselves in vain to rally The former was laid dead on the ground by a stroke from a claymore. The latter, with eight wounds on his body, made his way through the tumult and carnage to his uncle's side. Even in that extremity Mackay retained all his self-possession. He had still one hope. A charge of horse might recover the day! for of horse the bravest Highlanders were supposed to stand in awe. But he called on the horse in vain. Belhaven indeed behaved like a gallant gentleman: but his troopers, appalled by the rout of the infantry, galloped off in disorder; Annandale's men followed: all was over; and the mingled torrent of redcoats and tartans went raving down the valley to the gorge of Killiecrankie. the men. Mackay, accompanied by one trusty servant, spurred bravely through the thickest of the claymores and targets, and reached a point from which he had a view of the field. His whole army had disappeared, with the exception of some Borderers whom Leven had kept to At the beginning of the action he had taken his place in front of his little band of cavalry. He bade them follow him. and rode forward. But it seemed to be decreed that, on that day, the Lowland Scotch should in both armies appear to disadvantage. The horse hesitated. Dundee turned round, stood up in his stirrups, and, waving his hat, invited them to come on. As he lifted his arm, his cuirass rose, and exposed the lower part of his left side. A musket ball struck him: his horse sprang forward and plunged into a cloud of smoke and dust, which hid from both armies the fall of the victorious general. A person named Johnstone was near him and caught him as he sank down from the saddle. "How goes the day?" said Dundee. "Well for King James; answered Johnstone: "but I am sorry for Your Lordship. "If it is well for him," answered the dying man, "it matters the less for me." He never spoke again: but when, half an hour later, Lord Dunfermline and some other friends came to the spot, they thought that they could still discern some faint remains of life. The body wrapped in two plaids, was carried to the Castle of Blair. JOHN HENRY, CARDINAL SITE OF A UNIVERSITY† them with due honours. Not content with patronizing their professors, he built the first of those noble porticos,§ of which we hear so much in Athens, and he formed the groves, If we would know what a University is, conwhich in process of time became the celebrated sidered in its elementary idea, we must betake Academy. Planting is one of the most graceourselves to the first and most celebrated home ful, as in Athens it was one of the most benefiof European literature and source of European cent, of employments. Cimon took in hand the civilization, to the bright and beautiful Athens, wild wood, pruned and dressed it, and laid it -Athens, whose schools drew to her bosom, and out with handsome walks and welcome founthen sent back again to the business of life the tains. Nor, while hospitable to the authors of youth of the Western World for a long thou- the city's civilization, was he ungrateful to the sand years. Seated on the verge of the conti-instruments of her prosperity. His trees exnent, the city seemed hardly suited for the tended their cool, umbrageous branches over the duties of a central metropolis of knowledge; merchants, who assembled in the Agora,* for yet, what it lost in convenience of approach, it many generations. gained in its neighbourhood to the traditions of the mysterious East, and in the loveliness of the region in which it lay. Hither, then, as to a sort of ideal land, where all archetypes of the great and the fair were found in substantial being, and all departments of truth explored, and all diversities of intellectual power exhibited, where taste and philosophy were majestically enthroned as in a royal court, where there was no sovereignty but that of mind, and no nobility but that of genius, where professors were rulers, and princes did homage, hither flocked continually from the very corners of the orbis terrarum,1 the manytongued generation, just rising, or just risen into manhood, in order to gain wisdom. Pisistratus had in an early age discovered and nursed the infant genius of his people, and Cimon, after the Persian war,2 had given it a home. That war had established the naval supremacy of Athens; she had become an imperial state; and the Ionians,3 bound to her by the double chain of kindred and of subjection, were importing into her both their merchandise and their civilization. The arts and philosophy of the Asiatic coast were easily carried across the sea, and there was Cimon, as I have said, with his ample fortune, ready to receive 1 the world 2 B. C. 500-449. Cimon, having signally defeated the Persians in 466 B. C., made liberal use of his spoils in adorning Athens. 3 Greeks of Asia Minor. From The Rise and Progress of Universities, originally published in 1854. Newman's large purpose, in this and his related works, of setting forth an ideal of University life and training, cannot be conveyed in an extract; but the present selection may afford some hint of it, besides exemplifying the author's imagination and rhetoric in their more gracious aspects. A ruler of Athens in the sixth century B. C., who established the groves and gymnasium known as the Lyceum, and who is said to have commissioned a body of scholars to collect and write down the poems of Homer. Those merchants certainly had deserved that act of bounty; for all the while their ships had been carrying forth the intellectual fame of Athens to the western world. Then commenced what may be called her University existence. Pericles, who succeeded Cimon both in the gov ernment and in the patronage of art, is said by Plutarch to have entertained the idea of mak ing Athens the capital of federated Greece: in Many a more fruitful coast or isle is washed 4 The Market, or Exchange. 5 Sculptor of the frieze of the Parthenon, etc. § Porches, or independent covered walks, often by the blue Ægean, many a spot is there more beautiful or sublime to see, many a territory more ample; but there was one charm in Attica, which, in the same perfection, was nowhere else. The deep pastures of Arcadia, the plain of Argos, the Thessalian vale, these had not the gift; Boeotia, which lay to its immediate north, was notorious for its very want of it. The heavy atmosphere of that Bootia might be good for vegetation, but it was associated in popular belief with the dulness of the Baotian intellect on the contrary, the special purity, elasticity, clearness, and salubrity of the air of Attica, fit concomitant and emblem of its genius, did that for it which earth did not;it brought out every bright hue and tender shade of the landscape over which it was spread, and would have illuminated the face of even a more bare and rugged country. A confined triangle, perhaps fifty miles its greatest length, and thirty its greatest breadth; two elevated rocky barriers, meeting at an angle; three prominent mountains, commanding the plain, Parnes, Pentelicus, and Hymettus; an unsatisfactory soil; some streams, not always full;-such is about the report which the agent of a London company would have made of Attica. He would report that the climate was mild; the hills were limestone; there was plenty of good marble; more pasture land than at first survey might have been expected, sufficient certainly for sheep and goats; fisheries productive; silver mines once, but long since worked out; figs fair; oil firstrate; olives in profusion. But what he would not think of noting down, was, that the olive | tree was so choice in nature and so noble in shape that it excited a religious veneration; and that it took so kindly to the light soil, as to expand into woods upon the open plain, and to climb up and fringe the hills. He would not think of writing word to his employers, how that clear air, of which I have spoken, brought out, yet blended and subdued, the colours on the marble, till they had a softness and harmony, for all their richness, which in a picture looks exaggerated, yet is after all within the truth. He would not tell, how that same delicate and brilliant atmosphere freshened up the pale olive, till the olive forgot its monotony, and its cheek glowed like the arbutus1 or beech of the Umbrian hills.2 He would say nothing of the thyme and the thousand fragrant herbs which carpeted Hymettus; he would hear noth1 strawberry-tree, ma- 2 In Italy. droña "As the nimble Attics would say, a glorious climate for eels, but a bad air for brains."—B. L. Gildersleeve. Yet Pindar was a Boeotian. ing of the hum of its bees; nor take much account of the rare flavour of its honey, since Gozo and Minorca3 were sufficient for the English demand. He would look over the Egean from the height he had ascended; he would follow with his eye the chain of islands, which, starting from the Sunian headland, seemed to offer the fabled divinities of Attica, when they would visit their Ionian cousins, a sort of viaduct thereto across the sea; but that fancy would not occur to him, nor any admiration of the dark violet billows with their white edges down below; nor of those graceful, fanlike jets of silver upon the rocks, which slowly rise aloft like water spirits from the deep, then shiver, and break, and spread, and shroud themselves, and disappear in a soft mist of foam; nor of the gentle, incessant heaving and panting of the whole liquid plain; nor of the long waves, keeping steady time, like a line of soldiery as they resound upon the hollow shore,— he would not deign to notice that restless living element at all except to bless his stars that he was not upon it. Nor the distinct details, nor the refined colouring, nor the graceful outline and roseate golden hue of the jutting crags, nor the bold shadows cast from Otus or Laurium by the declining sun;-our agent of a mercantile firm would not value these matters even at a low figure. Rather we must turn for the sympathy we seek to yon pilgrim student, come from a semi-barbarous land to that small corner of the earth, as to a shrine, where he might take his fill of gazing on those emblems and coruscations of invisible unoriginate3 perfection. It was the stranger from a remote province, from Britain or from Mauritania, who in a scene so different from that of his chilly, woody swamps, or of his fiery, choking sands, learned at once what a real University must be, by coming to understand the sort of country which was its suitable home. Nor was this all that a University required, and found in Athens. No one, even there, could live on poetry. If the students at that famous place had nothing better than bright hues and soothing sounds, they would not have been able or disposed to turn their residence there to much account. Of course they must have the means of living, nay, in a certain sense, of enjoyment, if Athens was to be an Alma Maters at the time, or to remain afterwards a pleasant thought in their memory. And so they had: be it recollected Athens was a port, and a mart of trade, perhaps the first 3 Islands in the Med- 5 not originated, self iterranean. existing, divine 4 The Egean is famous for squalls. 6 fostering mother in Greece; and this was very much to the versity for the Long Vacation, when I found point, when a number of strangers were ever myself in company in a public conveyance with flocking to it, whose combat was to be with a middle-aged person, whose face was strange intellectual, not physical difficulties, and who to me. However, it was the great academical claimed to have their bodily wants supplied, luminary of the day, whom afterwards I knew that they might be at leisure to set about fur- very well. Luckily for me, I did not suspect nishing their minds. Now, barren as was the it; and luckily too, it was a fancy of his, as soil of Attica, and bare the face of the country, his friends knew, to make himself on easy yet it had only too many resources for an ele- terms especially with stage-coach companions. gant, nay, luxurious abode there. So abundant | So, what with my flippancy and his condescenwere the imports of the place, that it was a sion, I managed to hear many things which common saying, that the productions, which were novel to me at the time; and one point were found singly elsewhere, were brought all which he was strong upon, and was evidently together in Athens. Corn and wine, the staple fond of urging, was the material pomp and cirof subsistence in such a climate, came from the cumstance which should environ a great seat of isles of the Egean; fine wool and carpeting learning. He considered it was worth the confrom Asia Minor; slaves, as now, from the sideration of the government, whether Oxford Euxine, and timber too; and iron and brass should not stand in a domain of its own. An from the coasts of the Mediterranean. The ample range, say four miles in diameter, should Athenian did not condescend to manufactures be turned into wood and meadow, and the himself, but encouraged them in others; and a University should be approached on all sides population of foreigners caught at the lucrative by a magnificent park, with fine trees in groups occupation both for home consumption and for and groves and avenues, and with glimpses and exportation. Their cloth, and other textures views of the fair city, as the traveller drew for dress and furniture, and their hardware near it. There is nothing surely absurd in for instance, armour-were in great request. the idea, though it would cost a round sum to Labour was cheap; stone and marble in plenty; realize it. What has a better claim to the and the taste and skill, which at first were purest and fairest possessions of nature, than devoted to public buildings, as temples and the seat of wisdom? So thought my coach porticos, were in course of time applied to the companion; and he did but express the tradimansions of public men. If nature did much tion of ages and the instinct of mankind. for Athens, it is undeniable that art did much more. Here some one will interrupt me with the remark: "By the by, where are we, and whither are we going?—what has all this to do with a University? at least what has it to do with education? It is instructive doubtless; but still how much has it to do with your subject?" Now I beg to assure the reader that 1 am most conscientiously employed upon my subject; and I should have thought every one would have seen this: however, since the objection is made, I may be allowed to pause awhile, and show distinctly the drift of what I have been saying, before I go farther. What has this to do with my subject! why, the question of the site is the very first that comes into consideration, when a Studium Generale is contemplated; for that site should be a liberal and a noble one; who will deny it? All authorities agree in this, and very little reflection will be sufficient to make it clear. Ι recollect a conversation I once had on this very subject with a very eminent man." I was a youth of eighteen, and was leaving my Uni7 School of Universal Learning. * For instance, take the great University of Paris. That famous school engrossed as its territory the whole south bank of the Seine, and occupied one half, and that the pleasanter half, of the city. King Louis had the island pretty well as his own,-it was scarcely more than a fortification; and the north of the river was given over to the nobles and citizens to do what they could with its marshes; but the eligible south, rising from the stream, which swept around its base, to the fair summit of St. Genevieve, with its broad meadows, its vineyards and its gardens, and with the sacred elevation of Montmartres confronting it, all this was the inheritance of the University. There was that pleasant Pratum, stretching along the river's bank, in which the students for centuries took their recreation, which Alcuin10 seems to mention in his farewell verses 8 "Mount of Martyrs," north of the Seine; So named from the tradition that St. Denis, Bishop of Paris, suffered martyrdom there. 9 Latin for "meadow"; French, pré. 10 An English scholar who was Charlemagne's superintendent of education. * Probably Dr. Edward Copleston (1776-1849), Provost of Oriel College, where Newman later became a Fellow. It was he who raised Oriel to a position of leadership at Oxford. |