260,000 volumes. The university-library is said to consist of 60,000 volumes.-If we turn from literature to trade, and compute the number of ships which annually navigate the Baltic, we find those of our own country greatly surpassing those of any other. A list is given (p. 52.) of the number of vessels which paid toll-dues at the Sound during a period of fourteen years, from 1777 to 1790, in which we find the

Aggregate of Danish shipping to be 20,454

Many of the Danish and Swedish vessels being coasters, the Dutch was, no doubt, the flag which, in extent of tonnage, approached nearest to ours: but it deserves to be remarked that not only was the total of their shipping greatly inferior, but the progressive variation was altogether in our favour, their number being annually on the decrease, while ours proceeded in an augmenting ratio.-The military force of Denmark in infantry, cavalry, and artillery, may be computed at 60,000 men, of whom about the half are constantly under arms. Enlisting, we understand, is no longer the mode of raising troops; but all young men, except the sons of citizens, are accounted liable to enter on service at the age of twenty-one. These individuals draw lots, and all those who are thus selected are obliged to serve during six years; by which means an addition of 6 or 7,000 men is annually made to the army in Denmark, Holstein, and Sleswick. As a third only of the army is embodied at a time, two years of actual duty are all that is required, attendance in the months. of May and June being accounted sufficient during the rest of the period. At the end of the six years the soldier becomes a militia-man, in which capacity he attends muster a few days only in the year. In eight years more he is exempted from this duty, and his name is inscribed in the reserve-militia, a corps which is scarcely ever assembled..

M. de Boisgelin's second volume is appropriated to an account of Sweden; in which, as in that of Denmark, we have a translation of the old work, with certain appendages arising out of events subsequent to the publication of the latter. Sköne, or Scania, the first province entered by the traveller arriving from the south, has a milder climate than any other part of Sweden; and the horses, oxen, and animals of every kind, are larger than elsewhere. The population here is not so thinly scattered as in the rest of Sweden, being computed to amount to 250,000 souls. In addition to other towns, Scania contains Malmoe, a flourishing place with 9,000 inhabitants; and Lund, the seat of the second Swedish University. Carlscrona, the chief naval harbour and

arsenal of Sweden, is situated in the adjoining province of Blekingen. Is is well built, and takes rank in the list of Swedish cities after Stockholm and Gottenburgh. The port is excellent, and strongly defended both by nature and art. Gottenburgh has thriven greatly during the war which for the last twenty years has agitated the chief part of Europe. From the circumstance of having canals cut through the principal streets, and rows of trees planted along their banks, it bears resemblance to a Dutch town: but of foreign merchants the British are here both the most numerous and the most in favour. It will require in Bonaparte more dexterity than his denunciations against trade have as yet discovered, to accomplish a change in the mercantile predilections of the Swedes.

The author expatiates largely on the integrity of the Swedish peasantry; whom he declares to be, in that respect, equal, if not superior, to the lower class in any other country of Europe. He regrets, however, to add that this high reputation is on the decline in the towns, and in the portions of the kingdom which are most frequented by travellers. The inhabitants of the northern provinces, and of the retired parts of the rest of the country, still maintain that purity of character which caused it to be said that a trunk might be sent unlocked, in perfect safety, from one end of Sweden to the other; but Stockholm has lost all claim to a participation in this high honour. Morals are there nearly on a par with those of other capitals; and adventurers are as numerous as in most cities which are inhabited by a mixed population.

"The predominant religion is the Augsburg Confession of Faith, which has not undergone the smallest change: but liberty of conscience is everywhere allowed, and no mode of worship prohibited. The Catholics have a church at Stockholm; there are near two thousand in that city, and at least six thousand more in different parts of the kingdom. Many families of that persuasion are established in Finland, who come to Stockholm once a year, or at least once in two years, to per form the acts of devotion prescribed by their religion."

"The Swedes are infinitely better informed than other nations; and all the peasantry, without any exception, know how to read. Gustavus III. who never neglected any thing, had reason, from this circumstance, to dread the effects of news from France, and the influence it might have upon the minds of his people: he therefore forbad mention being made of the French Revolution in the Swedish Gazette, not wishing to have any thing appear in the public prints either for or against it; thinking, with reason, that ignorance upon this subject was the best method of insuring the happiness of his people."

"The peasants form the fourth order of the state: and Sweden is the only place in Europe (at least the only considerable nation) where the husbandman is regarded as any thing."*

"The case is the same in the Tyrol."

The encomium on the knowledge of the Swedes is, however, to be taken with qualification, since, in another passage, we find M. de Boisgelin holding a very different language:

"Learning has been very little cultivated for some years past in Sweden; reading is not the taste; and the generality of people are not desirous of improvement; the nobles, especially, when taken in a mass, are reputed ignorant: the clergy, indeed, are better informed, which is usually the case everywhere; but even amongst that body there are very few particularly distinguished by their superior knowledge. Gustavus III. however, contributed greatly to the progress of science; and the academies, gymnasiums, and public schools, are striking proofs of the enlightened genius of that excellent prince."

The contradiction between these passages is to be reconciled by the distinction that, while the commonalty in Sweden are better informed than in the other countries of Europe, particularly the Roman Catholic states, the higher ranks have no pretensions to any such superiority: but, which is worse, a part of the aristocracy, and a most essential part too, we mean the senate, must be said to be greatly behind their poorer countrymen in the national virtue, integrity. The election of Bernadotte afforded to all Europe a memorable example of the power of foreign gold; and the following anecdote (p. 368.) will show that, by thus acting, the senators of the present day have only copied the example of their fathers and grandfathers:

"A senator agreed with the French ambassador to sell him his vote in an affair of consequence, for four thousand plottes ; (somewhat above three hundred pounds.) The secretary of the embassy, who was sent to pay him, met the senator in his carriage, and acquainted him with the business he was going upon. The senator said he need not proceed any further, but give him the four thousand plottes, which were in bank notes. The young man gave him the money, as any one else would have done in the same situation; but how great was his surprise and indignation, when his ambassador informed him the next morning, that the senator demanded the sum, which he absolutely denied having received. The affair in question was very important, and this man's opinion of great weight; consequently, it was thought more prudent to give eight thousand plottes, than to sacrifice four thousand for nothing. The ambassador and his secretary (who is now likewise an ambassador) were both alive in 1793."

We turn our eyes with impatience from such gross rascality to contemplate the rude honesty of the Dalecarlians, and the literary tranquillity of Upsal:

"Dalecarlia is more than eighty leagues in length, and sixty broad, VOL. II. New Series.

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There is very little arable land, and the population is not proportionate to such an extent of country, the number of inhabitants only amounting to about a hundred and twenty thousand. The principal, and indeed the only riches consist in mines and forges; but this country, interspersed as it is with lakes, forests, and torrents, may at least boast of giving birth to a brave, loyal people, ever attached to their sovereigns, though jealous of their liberties. These people, nearly as wild as their native mountains, still preserve their original harsh, rigid manners, and style of character. Enjoying the same degree of freedom, they cannot bend their necks to the yoke of slavery; and though truly attached to their king, they look up to him more as a chief than a sovereign master. They are, however, always ready to defend his cause; and the Dalecarlians of the present times have given proofs to Gustavus III. that they have not degenerated from their ancestors. Whenever they meet the king, they preserve their former custom of taking him by the hand. The Dalecarlians are distinguished by the name of Gray and Black, from their habits being always one or other of these colours."

"Upsala, formerly the capital of Sweden, is now that of Upland. The city is very small, containing scarcely four thousand inhabitants, exclusive of the students, the number of whom vary, as in every other university, though they seldom are fewer than five hundred. Upsala, though small, is well inhabited. Several Swedish noblemen live here, either from the wish of superintending their estates in the neighbourhood, or to avoid the expense and bustle of the capital. Three days at least are requisite to see Upsala properly: for this city contains many objects of curiosity, and is doubly interesting from having been the residence of Linnæus and Bergmann."

"The University was founded in 1476. Gustavus Adolphus, in 1624, made it a grant of some lands, which remain under the inspection of the consistory of professors. The revenue at that time, twenty-five thousand crowns, of three dollars each, is now nearly tripled, but the amount greatly depends upon a good or bad season. There are four faculties; four divinity professors (formerly there were five) who compose the ecclesiastical consistory; two professors of civil law; thir teen of philosophy; and four of physic. The new professors consist of one of divinity, one of private economy, and one of oratory and politics. The professors have a salary of fourteen hundred silver dollars, with a hundred ton of wheat, which may be estimated at sixteen hundred. There are two vacations annually, one from the 14th of December to the 28th of January, and the other from Midsummer to Michaelmas. The professors give lessons gratis, four times a week; but those who receive private ones pay one, two, or three rix-dollars a month, according to their circumstances, which payments are made at the two terms. There are particular foundations called stipendia (exhibitions) enjoyed by above a hundred students at Upsala. These are worth from 51. to 301. sterling, and are principally in the gift of the consistory. The library of this University is much celebrated throughout Europe, but it scarcely deserves so very high a reputation, though it undoubtedly contains many

curious articles; many of which, however, are misplaced in a library. The first room is dedicated to the belles lettres, history, and natural history. The contents of the second were a present of Gustavus III. when prince royal; which donation is inscribed on the door; and the third contains jurisprudence, divinity, and physic. The manuscripts in this collection are placed on the first floor: the most curious is the Gothic MS. in 4to. entitled Codex Argenteus; containing the four evangelists in gold and silver letters: the whole of the library con, sists in about fifty thousand volumes.""

Gustavus III. succeeded in accomplishing a revolution in the form of government, but found it a much more difficult task to new-model the habits of his people. The use of ardent spirits, the great curse of Sweden, is too deeply rooted in the people to admit of control at the hand of the sovereign; and the most shocking tumults took place when the king attempted to forbid the continuance of private distillation. The scattered nature of the population scarcely admits of levying a productive tax on this the fittest of all objects for a heavy impost.

"In the towns," says M. de Boisgelin," the taxes are numerous, and indeed heavy. All places under government are taxed; but those who hold different employments pay only for one, which is always the most considerable amongst them. Those who have the title with out discharging the duties of the place, pay the double of what they would do if they exercised their employment. The taxes consist1st, in the poll-tax; 2d, upon all appointments, revenues, and landed property; 3d, upon windows, all articles of luxury, such as horses, carriages, superfluous servants, silk furniture, gilding, and watches; 4th, upon silk clothes, snuff, and tobacco."

"Army. Every province is obliged to furnish either a regiment of infantry or of cavalry, according to its extent and population; and each individual, whether officer or soldier, has a portion of ground allotted him, with a house so situated that the colonel may be nearly in the centre of his regiment, and the captain in the midst of his com pany; at least, they endeavour this should be the case as much as possible." "Each district must provide one or more men, in proportion to its population; and the moment a soldier joins the army, another must be immediately named, that the first may be replaced, in case of death, without loss of time. Whenever a soldier is at liberty to quit the regiment, which is generally the case the greatest part of the year, he works at his trade, or tills the ground."

"The Swedish troops are spirited and well principled; the officers are brave, and the soldiers very like the French soldiers. They are not famous for supporting a continued fire, which they cannot stand for more than a few minutes if they have not the power of returning it; in that case it becomes absolutely necessary to make them charge the enemy. They understand the use of the bayonet and like to employ it; indeed, the Russians have frequently experienced the formidable

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