...sanctions since the economic blockade of Germany in World War I. An economic sanction is defined as "the deliberate government-inspired withdrawal, or...withdrawal, of 'customary' trade or financial relations" (Hufbauer and Schott, 1983: 2). The observed dependent variable is the number of nations participating...

...U.S7U.N. embargo on I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Iraq in 1990. They define "economic sanction" as a deliberate government-inspired withdrawal or threat...withdrawal of customary trade or financial relations. The authors give some discussion of the history of sanctions, noting that the earliest known sanction...

...and Elliott, in Economic Sanctions Reconsidered History and Current Policy. They define sanctions as the "deliberate, government-inspired withdrawal, or...withdrawal, of 'customary' trade or financial relations . . . [with] 'customary' mom[ing] levels that would probably have occurred in me absence of sanctions..."...

...Hufbauer. Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberly Ann Elliot conducted a study that defined economic sanctions as the deliberate, governmentinspired withdrawal —...withdrawal — of customary trade or financial relations. See their Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy (Washington. DC: Institute for...

...and Elliott define economic sanctions as "the deliberate government inspired withdrawal or threat ot withdrawal, of 'customary trade or financial relations....'Customary' does not mean 'contractual'; it simply means the level that would have probably occurred in the absence of sanctions" (Hufbaucr, Schott, and Elliott,...

...David Baldwin, Economic Statecraft (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 13-14. lions as "the deliberate, government-inspired withdrawal, or...withdrawal, of customary trade or financial relations." Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliott, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy, vol. 1,...

...opinion about the other's policies."8 The most-often quoted study on sanctions defines the term as "...the deliberate, government-inspired withdrawal,...threat of withdrawal, of customary trade or financial relations."9 Economic sanctions typically include measures such as trade embargoes; restrictions on...

...and such extensions have been widely referred to as international sanctions. Sanctions are defined "to mean the deliberate, government-inspired withdrawal,...'Customary' does not mean 'contractual'; it simply means the levels of trade and financial activity that would probably have occurred in the absence of sanctions."...