In the year 1119, pope Gelasius died at Clugny, and was buried there; and in his place the cardinals and other Romans who had followed him, elected Guido, archbishop of Vienna, and gave him the name of Calixtus. While these transactions were going on in Burgundy, the Apostolate of the Roman Church was administered by the above-named Gregory. In consequence of the elevation of these two to the papacy, the world was shaken and divided into two factions, some giving their adhesion to the one, and some to the other; by reason whereof, the church was stricken with great scandal. On the fourth day before the nones of February, Geoffrey, bishop of Hereford, and, on the tenth day before the calends of September, Herbert, bishop of Norwich, departed this life. On the fourth day before the calends of October, being the Lord's day, at about the third hour of the day, a great earthquake took place at many places throughout England.

On the thirteenth day before the calends of November, pope Calixtus held a general council at Rheims; at this council there was a vast concourse of archbishops, bishops, abbats, and chief men of the various provinces, together with an immense multitude of the clergy and common people. There were counted there four hundred and twenty-four staffs of persons with pastoral honors; among whom was Turstin, the archbishop elect of York, who having with difficulty obtained the king's permission, had come thither in reference to his own business. But the king had previously sent his ambassador to the successor of the Apostles, for the purpose of telling him, among other things, not to consecrate the archbishop elect of York, or command or allow him to be consecrated by any other person than the archbishop of Canterbury, as used to be the custom. In answer to which, the successor of the Apostles replied: "Let not the king imagine that I would act in relation to the matter upon which he treats in any other way than he wishes, even though his request should be an unreasonable one: nor, indeed, has my inclination ever led me to wish to debase the ancient dignity of the church of Canterbury."

Moreover, on the morning of the Lord's day preceding the day of the appointed council, Turstin, having made preparations for his consecration to the archbishopric, the deputies of the archbishop of Canterbury charged that his

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consecration ought to be performed by the archbishop of Canterbury, according as the ancient usage and that observed up to the present time required; in answer to which, the successor of the Apostles replied: "It is our wish to do no injustice to the church of Canterbury, but maintaining its dignity, we will do that which we purpose.' Nevertheless, Turstin was consecrated by the successor of the Apostles, Ranulph, the bishop of Durham, who had been sent by the king to prevent his consecration, not having yet arrived; he, however, arrived some time after.

On the following day the council was held, and all persons taking their seats in the order of their ecclesiastical rank, and Louis, king of the Franks, and many other men of the highest station being there seated, by the consent of all the fathers, the statutes of enactment and of prohibition 59 were renewed, of which these are the five heads. "The laws which, by the sanction of the holy fathers, have been established in relation to simoniacal sin, we do also, by the judgment of the Holy Ghost and the authority of the Apostolic See, confirm. If any one therefore, shall, either by himself or by any person suborned thereto, buy or sell any bishopric, abbacy, priory, archdeaconry, presbytery, provostship, prebend, altar, or any ecclesiastical benefices, dignities, ordinations, consecrations, dedications of churches, clerical tonsure, seat in the choir, or any ecclesiastical duties, let both seller and buyer be subject to the peril of losing their dignities, offices, and benefices; and, unless he shall repent, let him be pierced by the point of anathema, and in every way cut off from the church of God, which he has injured. The investiture of bishoprics, abbacies, or any ecclesiactical possessions whatsoever, we do utterly forbid to be performed by lay hands; whoever, therefore, of the laity shall henceforth presume to give investiture, let him be subject to the penalties of anathema: and further, let him who has received such investiture be utterly, without hope. of recovery thereof, deprived of the honor with which he has been invested. The universal possessions of the churches we do decree to be unshaken and inviolate for everlasting. But if any one shall take them away, or seize them, or by tyrannical power withhold the same, let him be smitten everlastingly with anathema, according to that decree of Saint Symmachus, which 59 Statuta de statuendis, et rescidenda de rescidendis."

begins, Let no bishop, no priest, no member of the clergy whatsoever, part with ecclesiastical dignities or benefices to any one, as though of hereditary right.' This, also, we do enjoin in addition thereto, that no payment shall be demanded for receiving baptism, chrism, holy oil, and burial. To priests, deacons, and subdeacons, we do utterly forbid the society of wives and concubines. And if any persons of this character shall be found, let them be deprived both of their ecclesiastical offices and benefices; and if they do not even then correct their uncleanness, let them be deprived of all communion with Christians." 60

These decrees were sent to the emperor Henry, as he was not far distant, first from the council by persons of rank, and then by the successor of the Apostles himself, in order that, before the breaking up of the council, it might be ascertained whether, in the churches throughout his kingdom and each province subject to him, he would consent to canonical elections, that is to say, bishops and abbats being chosen by the church; and whether, to free consecrations, as is the case where those who are elected are consecrated where and by whom it is befitting; and whether he would also consent that no lay person whatsoever should claim a right to the investiture in ecclesiastical matters, so that those elected might, through investiture with the pastoral staff and ring, enter through the door, that is, through Christ.

61

To these requests he made answer, that he would give up none of these particulars that belonged to him of right, and which the ancient customs of his ancestors had conferred upon him. At length, however, being prevailed upon by the authority of the general council, he conceded the first three points; but the last, namely, the right of investiture in ecclesiastical matters, he would not concede; in consequence of which, on the pope returning to the council, sentence of excommunication was pronounced against him. Some who were present at the council being indignant at this, the successor of the Apostles gave his commands that those who were offended thereat, should go forth and separate themselves from the society of their brethren, quoting the example of those seventy who, being offended as to eating the flesh of our Lord and

60 Under the penalties of anathema.
61 According to the rules of the church.

drinking his blood, 62 returned home, and no longer walked with him; and "inasmuch as," he said, "he who gathereth not with the Lord, scattereth; and he who is not with him, is against him, and that tunic which is not sewn together but woven, namely, the Holy Church, those who think with us are unwilling to have rent asunder, while those who differ from us are striving to rend it asunder." The successor of the Apostles having spoken to this effect, forthwith all were brought round to the same opinion, and sentence of excommunication was fulminated against the emperor Henry.

At length, some days after the council had broken up, Henry, king of the English, being offended at archbishop Turstin, because he had caused himself to be consecrated without his consent, and not in the way that ancient usage required, forbade him to return to any place in his dominions. After this, pope Calixtus came to Gisors, where the king of the English came to meet him, for the purpose of holding a conference. Many things were treated of between them, on account of which it was right that such great personages should meet; and, among the rest, the king obtained the pope's consent that he would grant him all the liberties his father had possessed in England and Normandy, and especially that he would allow no one to fill the office of legate at any time in England, unless he himself (on any important difference arising which could not be put an end to by the bishops of his kingdom) requested this to be done by the pope. All these points being settled for the present, the pope requested the king to become reconciled to Turstin, and in consideration of his love towards himself, his restoration to the archbishopric to which he himself had consecrated him. But the king confessed that he had vowed upon his faith that he would not do so, as long as he lived; to which the pope made reply: "I am the successor of the Apostles, and, if you do what I ask, will release you from the stringency of this oath." "I will discuss the matter," said the king, "and notify to you the result of my determination." Upon this, the pope withdrew, and the king, by messengers, gave him this answer upon the subject: "I will admit Turstin to the archbishopric upon condition, that he pay that obedience to the church of Canterbury which his predecessors did, otherwise, so long as I reign, 62 In allusion to St. John, vi. 66.

he shall not preside over the see of York." Matters being thus concluded, the successor of the Apostles took his departure, and Turstin remained in France.

William, the son of king Henry and queen Matilda, a youth seventeen years of age, this year took to wife the daughter of the earl of Anjou. Baldwin, earl of Flanders, died of the effects of a wound which he had received at Eu.

In the year 1120, Henry, king of the English, and Louis, king of the Franks, after many losses on both sides, on a day appointed, held a conference; at which, peace having been made by mutual consent, by the command of king Henry, his son, William, did homage to the king of the Franks, and received under him the principality of Normandy; and thus, the kings departing in peace, the whole of the seditions which had raged throughout Normandy were suppressed, and those who had raised their arms against their lord, king Henry, having bowed their necks to his dominion, returned to obedience. And, inasmuch as archbishop Turstin had shown himself both vigilant and active in effecting a reconciliation between the kings, in consequence of his usefulness, he rendered the king's feelings more inclined to sanction his return. In addition to this, as the king was preparing to return to England, a letter came directed to him from the successor of the Apostles, enjoining him to receive archbishop Turstin, and, all other pretexts and excuses set aside, to restore him to his see. But in reply to this precept, the king deferred until his return to England what answer to give, in order that, having assembled his council there, he might consider with more mature deliberation what was to be done.

By the king's command, the chief men of Normandy did homage to his son William, a youth then just eighteen years of age; they also swore fealty to him, confirming it by oath. After this, all who had rebelled against him being either conquered or reconciled, and every thing prosperously concluded according to his wish, the fifth year after he had gone thither being not yet completed, the king returned to England by ship in better spirits than usual. To his son and all his retinue he had given a ship, a better one than which there did not seem to be in all the fleet, but as the event proved, there was not one more unfortunate; for while his father preceded him, the son followed somewhat more tardily, but with a still more unhappy