Surgical Management of Low Back Pain

abnormal ALIF allograft American Spine Society annulus fibrosus arachnoiditis arthrodesis associates axial biomechanical bone graft Bone Joint Surg bony cages chronic Clin Orthop clinical Cloward compression cortical bone cortical bone dowels decompression degenerative disc disease degenerative spondylolisthesis demonstrate devices diagnosis disc herniation disc space discectomy discitis discogenic discogram discography electrode end-plate enhancement epidural facet joint FBSS fibers Figure follow-up fusion rate IDET procedure implant improve increased injection instability instrumentation interspace intervertebral disc intradiscal laminectomy lateral low back pain lumbar disc lumbar fusion lumbar interbody fusion lumbar spine lumbosacral medial ment nerve root neural neurological Neurosurg North American Spine operative outcome pedicle screw fixation placement PLIF posterior lumbar interbody postoperative pseudoarthrosis radial tear radiographs reported Saal sagittal scar signal intensity spinal cord stimulation spinal fusion spinal stenosis spondylolisthesis strut surgeon surgery surgical syndrome therapy threaded cortical bone tion tissue titanium tive treatment vertebral body