of such commodities as are transported from France to England amount to above six and twenty thousand pounds. And the commodities exported out of England into France, consisting chiefly of woollen clothes.. do not amount to above ten thousand pounds a year. . . . But most of these evils would be easily prevented if onely his Majesty would be pleased to commend to his people, by his own example, the esteem and value he hath of his own commodities in which the greatest courtier can be as honourably clad as in the best dress, Paris, or a French taylour can put him in.

2.

[Woollen Manufacture. "The Trade of England Revived, and the Abuses thereof rectified in relation to wooll and woollen Cloth, Silk and Silk-Weavers, Companies, Markets, Linen-Cloth," 1681. Pamphlet B.M. 712, f. 16 (20).]

1. The Clothing Trade.

I begin with this Trade because it is like the water to the mill that driveth round the wheel of all other Trades, For by this the Poor hath Money of their own earning without being burthensome to the Parish. . . . Now it is granted by all men that this [the Transportation of Wooll] is one great Hindrance of this Trade, for hereby there is not only Cloth made with our wooll, which might have been made by our own People, but by mixing our wooll with the wooll of other Countreys there is almost twice as much Cloth made as otherwise there could be . . . and our English cloth is a drug in all places, as now it is.

[Discussion of the Dutch and French competition, with quotations from S. Fortrey.]

This trade is very much hindered by our own People, who do wear many Foreign Commodities instead of our own; as may be instanced in many Particulars, viz. Instead of Green Serg that was wont to be used for Chil

drens Frocks, is now used Painted, and Indian stained and striped Calico, and instead of a Perpetuana . . . to lyne Men's Coats with, is used sometimes a Glazened Calico, which in the whole is not above twelve pence cheaper and abundantly worse. . . . .. And sometimes is used a Bangale

[Bengal] that is brought from India.1

3.

["A True Representation of the manufacture of Combing and Spining of Wooll." Pamphlet B.M. 816, m. 14 (53).]

That the woollen manufacture is supposed to employ half the working hands in England, and that the manufacture of Combing and Spining of wooll Employs Two Thirds of those People. .. Which manufacture of Combing and Spining will be in Danger of being Lost if a Clause be not put into the Callico Bill to prohibitt the Importing of Indian Cotton Yarn, or that a duty be laid upon Cotton Yarn imported. . . . For if a Clause be not put in to that Effect, such quantities of India Cotton Yarn will be imported as will entirely destroy the manufacture of Fine Woollen Yarn. .

All which is humbly presented to the British Legislators.

1 The woollen manufacturers had already begun to realize the menace of East Indian competition.

BOOK VI. TRADE AND COLONIES.

[Book VI is merely intended to indicate the chief features of the Old Colonial System during the Restoration period when State control was pre-eminently important. For further details of the administration see G. L. Beer, "The Old Colonial System" (1912), C. M. Andrews, "British Committees, Commissions and Councils of Trade and Plantations," Johns Hopkins University Series, no. 26 (1908), and “The Colonial Period” (1912), also H. E. Egerton, "British Colonial Policy" (1913). For the history of the American colonies, see W. Macdonald, "Documentary Source Book of American History" (1908), Osgood, "The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century" (1907), and Bolton and Marshall, "The Colonization of North America" (1920).]

A. ADMINISTRATION.

1.

[The Navigation Act of 1660. "An Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping." S.R., 12 Car. II, c. 18.]

... Bee it enacted . . . that from [1 December, 1660]

noe goods shall be imported into or exported out of any Lands Islelands Plantations or Territories to his Majesty belonging . . . in Asia Africa or America in any other ships. . . but in such . . . as doe truly belong to the people of England or Ireland, Dominion of Wales or Towne of Berwick upon Tweede or are of the built of and belonging to any of the said Lands Islands Plantations or Territories as the Proprietors and Right Owners thereof and whereof the Master and three-fourths of the Mariners at least are English under the penalty of forfeiture of [the goods and the ship]. . . .

170

III. And it is further enacted . . . that noe Goods . of the Growth Production or Manufacture of Africa Asia or America or of any part thereof. . . be Imported into England Ireland or Wales Islands of Guernsey or Jersey or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede in any other ship but in such as doe truely . . . belong onely to the people of England or Ireland, Dominion of Wales or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede, or of the Lands Islands Plantations or Territories in Asia Africa or America to His Majesty belonging as the proprietors and right owners thereof, [master and three fourths of mariners to be English; penalty as above].

[IV. Goods of foreign growth or manufacture to be imported only from the places of their growth or from those ports where they have been usually first shipped. Detailed instructions as to the trade with "Aliens."]

XVIII. And it is further enacted . . . That from and after the first day of Aprill [1661] noe Sugars Tobaccho Cotton Wool Indicoes Ginger Fustick or other dyeing wood of the Growth Production or Manufacture of any English Plantations in America Asia or Africa shall be shipped carryed conveyed or transported from any of the said English Plantations to any Land Island Territory Dominion Port or place whatsoever other than to such English Plantations as doe belong to His Majesty, His Heires and Successors or to the Kingdome of England or Ireland or Principallity of Wales or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede . [Penalty as above].

..

XIX. And be it further enacted . . . That for every Ship. which from and after [25 December, 1660] shall set saile out of or from England Ireland Wales or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede for any English Plantation in Asia America or Africa sufficient bond shall be given with one surety to the cheife Officers of the Custome House of such port or place from whence the said ship shall set saile

to the value of one thousand pounds if the ship be of less burthen than one hundred Tuns and of the summe of two thousand pounds if the ship be of greater burthen; That in case the said ship . . shall loade any of the said comodityes at any of the said English Plantations that the same commodities [shall be landed in England, Ireland etc.] And for all ships coming from any other Port or Place to any of the aforesaid Plantations who by this Act are permitted to trade there, that the Governour of such English Plantation shall before the ship . . . be permitted to loade on board any of the said comodityes take bond for each ship. That such ship shall carry all the aforesaid Goods . . . to some or other of His Majestyes English Plantations or to England Ireland [etc.] . . . and the said governours . . shall twice in every year after [1 January, 1660-1] returne true Copyes of all such Bonds by him soe taken to the Chiefe Officers of the Custome in London.

2.

[The Committee of the Privy Council for Trade and Foreign Plantations. P.C.R., liv. 63, 4 July, 1660.]

Upon a peticon presented to his Matie by diverse merchants and others interested in and trading to the English Plantations in America (exposing the good behaviour . of Coll. James Russell late Governor of the Island of Nevis in the West Indies) and humbly beseeching His Matie to graunt his Commission for contynuance of him the said Coll. Russell in the Government of the said Island, His Matie this day sitting in Councill hath appointed the Lord Chamberlain, The Earle of Southampton, The Earle of Leicester, the Lord Viscount Say and Seale, the Lord Roberts, Mr. Denzil Holles, Mr. Secry Nicholas, Mr. Secry Morrice, Mr. Arthur Annesley, and Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, or any three or more of them to meet and sitt as