rendering a compliment tardily or indifferently; thus, "He spoke very well" (considering).

(e) The tone may suggest comparison, as, "This is my view" (I don't know what you think).

(d) The meaning of the words may be actually inverted by the tone, as in irony. They are honorable men." (The last time Antony uses the expression in the funeral oration, Julius Cæsar, III. ii.)

(e) The tone may imply an emotional significance, as "Do not leave me here!" (Oh, can't you stay with me?)

We thus add to our conception of the subject-matter as contained in the words some estimate of the speaker's personal relation to the matter and to his listener.

This significance, which we thus attach to tones, is for the most part recognized intuitively. There is also, perhaps, a small percentage of effect resulting from meanings which men have conventionally agreed upon. However derived, these effects of tone are real parts of the thought. Such additions, direct and parenthetical, if written in full would quite swamp the thought of any ordinarily suggestive paragraph. In a reasonably expressive style of speech, as many words will be implied, on an average, as are spoken. These implied additional words impart to those spoken a fullness of significance which can scarcely be realized in any other way.

Paraphrasing. The measurement of these mental processes, and the noting of them in suggestive hints accompanying the text, constitute paraphrasing for the purposes of expression, which will be developed in connection with many parts of this book.

CASES ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN MATTER AND MANNER.

(1) The most obvious proof of the vital connection between matter and manner is found in the familiar fact that we ordinarily feel satisfied as to a person's real meaning only after conversing with him.

(2) An oral recitation, if freed from embarrassment and other disturbing influences, will give the most satisfactory exhibition of a student's knowledge of the subject.

(3) In an important law-case the manner of the witness is a factor in determining his fitness to testify and the accuracy of his knowledge.

(4) Many a popular lecture, address, or sermon would lose a very large portion of its significance by being printed; and yet the speaking of it is not an illusion or a cheap device. Presence and voice give a real, and in many cases an essential, part of the thought.

With all reverence, we may refer to the Perfect Teacher. He left no written treatise, nor ever, so far as we know, read a lecture or a sermon. He made the great addition to the written law by personal intercourse with men.

Requisites. In order to have free and full expression, two things are necessary.

1. One must have something to say, and have the disposition to communicate.

2. The channels of expression must be so prepared that a minimum of energy shall be expended in the mere means of communication.

The first requisite sustains an intimate relation with the second. The relation is one of mutual assistance, of

interdependence. It is as true that the opening of the channels for communication affects the thought that shall be uttered, as it is true that the thought in the mind provides a way for such utterance.

Purpose and Habit. The capability of forming habits with definite purpose to utilize the habitual action, is one of the distinguishing powers of man. And the cultivation of those conditions and habits from which desired action shall proceed spontaneously, is the end in the larger part of all the physical exercises connected with the preparation for speech. See NOTE 1.]

Broadly speaking, then, every movement of the body, whether directly volitional or only habitual, is dominated by the purposes of the mind. On the other hand, physical habits once induced, greatly affect the action of the mind itself; hence the vast importance of correct physical habits, even in the light of purely intellectual activity and achievement. Mind and body so react upon each other, that we may not say, This part is only physical; that, simply mental. Each throb of feeling, though its cause be only spiritual, moves sensibly some portion of the physical frame. It shows itself in quickened pulse, in heated brain, or starting perspiration, or contracting muscle. [NOTE 2.]

Mind and Body. A twofold training of the man is thus contemplated in the study of Oral Expression. It includes (a) the measurement of thought as in process of communication, or the analysis of the expressional elements of thought; (b) the mastery of the physical means of expression. Both of these the mental and the physical training together constitute the technique of expres

sion.

The relation of the two elements in this technical development will appear as we proceed in the study. Let it here suffice to say that the mental must lead. Judgments must be made first; and, secondly, we must find what properties of tone and action naturally fit and represent these processes of thinking. And yet these two departments are not separated, nor is either of them made matter of mere mechanical analysis or dissection. The physical and the mental elements of technique are continually interwoven in the processes of actual expres

sion. [NOTE 3.]

This book is concerned more especially with what may be called mental technique, or the mental side of technique. In this, as in all technical development, the true object is the establishment of normal conditions, out of which rational expression shall come with spontaneity, ease, and precision, because both mind and body are working most economically; that is, in conformity with ascertained laws of nature.

Natural habits, both physical and mental, once started, tend to acceleration; and they move on with a self-developing momentum.

Practicality. All work with an artistic aim finds its ultimate justification in practical use; and this will be fully tested only by thorough criticism. Many of the divisions and subdivisions made in the expressional analysis may at first seem to be more nice than wise. Experience has proved, however, that the theoretical discriminations are not more minute than are the corresponding properties of tone which are demanded by a sensitive ear and a refined literary taste.

NOTES ON CHAPTER I.

NOTE 1.

The student will do well to read at this point Professor James's discussion of "Habit" in his Psychology, Briefer Course, Chapter 10. The physical basis of habit in its practical effects and psychological importance is in nothing more essential and vital than in the study of Expression and the formation of the technique of utterance.

NOTE 2.

The world's great poet has said:

And when the mind is quicken'd, out of doubt,
The organs, though defunct and dead before,
Break up their drowsy grave, and newly move
With casted slough and fresh legerity.

NOTE 3.

SHAKESPEARE, Hen. V., I.

What is he but a brute

Whose flesh hath soul to suit,

Whose spirit works lest arms and legs want play?
To man, propose this test, -

Thy body at its best,

How far can that project its soul on its lonely way?

I strove, made head, gained ground upon the whole!"

As the bird wings and sings,

Let us cry, "All good things

Are ours; nor soul helps flesh more, now, than flesh helps soul."

BROWNING, Rabbi Ben Ezra.