the contrary, it increases by the multiple of its own power; all its ends become means; all its attainments, helps to new conquests. Its whole abundant harvest is but so much seed wheat, and nothing has limited, and nothing can limit, the amount of ultimate product. WEBSTER.

(c) Conclusive or summarizing thought.

Example. Thus the great principle of your Revolutionary fathers, and of your Pilgrim sires, was the rule of his life — the love of liberty protected by law. EVERETT on Lafayette.

This type (3) is colored with emotion, or energy, or both. Its pantomimic representation is the attitude of force in repose, animation, or physical support, accompanied often by the double "revealing," the "affirming," or the "supporting" gesture.

Propositional matter requires slow movement to typify the graver importance and weight. The voice is the strongest, fullest, deepest, most suggestive of ellipsis, and of recapitulation, condensation, and hearty appreciation of the thought.

The vocal element of "quantity"- prolongation of sounds is here of especial use.

Expansive Paraphrasing will be helpful in these different types of propositional matter, since they are in themselves condensative rather than amplifying.

III. TRANSITION.

In Transitional Matter is included whatever merely connects one division, paragraph, or sentence with another. Connecting the two thoughts between which it stands, it assumes at least one of them, usually the first, to be already in the mind. Hence more rapid movement and a

lighter tone will be allowable, especially in the first part of the transition. Toward its close the transitional passage will often merge into propositional, as it approaches newer or more important matter.

There will generally be a change in the attitude of the body, often in the position on the floor. This change typifies the transition in thought, and occurs during the transitional words.

The body in its position and movements should indicate the attitude of the mind and the progress of the thought.

NOTES ON CHAPTER IV.

CASES OF FORMULATION.

NOTE 1.

The student should analyze and classify many cases of Introduction, Proposition, and Transition. Abundant material may be found in classic and modern literature, especially in the works of the great orators. More important still is the noting of effects in actual speaking as heard by the student from platform, pulpit, bar, and, as well, in intelligent and purposeful conversation.

NOTE 2.

The following passages from the Bible are especially commended to theological students and ministers. They may, however, be used with equal profit by the general student.

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1. INTRODUCTION. — Classify the following introductions according to the types described, and read aloud, noting the differences in tone required by the different types :

Gen. i. 1-2, xviii. 1-3, xxiv. 35; Deut. i. 5-8, xxxi. 2, 14; Jud. viii. 2-3, ix. 7; 2 Sam. xii. 1, xiv. 5-7; Isa. i. 2, x. 5; Jer. xi. 1, 2; John i. 1-18, iii. 1-2, vi. 2-6, vi. 26; Acts i. 16, ii. 14, v. 35, vii. 2, x. 35, xiii. 16, xv. 7, 14, xvii. 22-23, xx. 18, xxi. 20-22, xxii. 1, xxiii. 1, 26–27, xxiv. 2, 10.

Classify the introductions to all the Epistles.

2. PROPOSITION. Classify according to the types described, and read carefully :—

Matt. v. 2-11, x. 24, 37, xv. 11, xvi. 25, xix. 9; John i. 1, 6-7, 37, iii. 3, iv. 24, v. 25, 26, vi. 29, 35-40, viii. 12, ix. 31, x. 1; Acts ii. 29-36, iii. 22–25, v. 39, x. 34-35.

Find and classify the propositional matter in Rom. i.-x. and in Heb. i.-xi.

3. TRANSITIONS. Note transitions between the propositional passages cited above, and read aloud, carefully observing changes in movement and in volume of tone.

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CHAPTER V.

Analysis.

GROUPING.

Necessity of grouping to secure clearness of statement. Elements must be separated. The thought unit is not necessarily coincident with the grammatical unit. The test is in mind's reception. Different kinds of pauses, corresponding with kinds of groups, simple and complex. Hendiadys is important. Grammatical, elliptical, and prosodial pause. Euphonic groupings in prose give effects similar to meter in poetry.

Necessity of Grouping. Clearness of statement is largely effected by the measurement of the words in phrases or groups. Every element in the sentence must be separated appreciably from the other elements, the length of pause being dependent on the length and importance of the elements.

"Element" here means a thought-unit. It may, or it may not, coincide with the grammatical unit. The test is found in the mind's reception of the ideas, images, thoughts, or inferences conveyed. What constitutes an element may often be determined by inquiring whether the thought is here presented for the first time or not. Matter that is repeated, resumptive, or easily taken for granted, will admit of much larger and freer groupings than that which is new or explanatory.

Principle of Grouping. — Grouping is effected by pauses or momentary cessations of sound between elements.

1. Elements that are simple, and placed close together, have the slightest pause separation.

2. Elements somewhat complex, or slightly separated in the structure, require somewhat greater pause.

3. Elements very complex, or widely separated in the sentence, must have longer pause.

Hyphens might be used to indicate that the words between which they are placed form together a single element, like a compound word.

Example.

"The wisdom of the advice he has given-Countten-before-venting-your-anger' is most obvious."

Hendiadys is an important case. When several elements are joined together, the first point to be determined is whether each one is to be received as a separate item, or whether a single image or thought is to be conveyed through the combined terms. Thus :

"I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats."

Here "shallows and flats" probably constitute the double name of a single object.

"In the morning it flourisheth and groweth up [grows flourishingly]; in the evening it is cut down and withereth [dies].”

Kinds of Pauses.-1. Grammatical; merely marking the grouping of words into constituent elements of the sentence. This is the most mechanical of all, being a mere cessation of speech.

2. Rhetorical or Elliptic; affording space for the more positive elements of expression to accomplish their work. These are suggestive pauses.