STUDIES IN PRINCIPALITY AND SUBORDINATION. Principality, 338; Subordination, 341; Note to Chapter VII., 342. PRINCIPLES OF VOCAL EXPRESSION. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. RELATIONS OF VOCAL EXPRESSION TO PSYCHOLOGY AND RHETORIC, AND TO PHYSIOLOGY. Analysis.1 Delivery is not a substitute for thought. Not entertainment, but the manifestation of thought-process, is the end to be sought. This end is attained by careful measurement of thought, both in its intrinsic properties and in its personal relations. Thought is viewed as in process. of communication, and adapted to reception by the ear. Elocution is a study of thought-processes in their relation to utterance. Its connection with Rhetoric. Vocal Expression is affected by and affects structure of sentences. Suggestiveness through symbolism of tone. Tone adds real meaning to spoken words; suggests comparison; inverts; conveys emotionality. Tone effects are chiefly intuitive. Paraphrasing reveals accompanying mental processes. Relation between matter and manner is shown in conversation, in oral recitation, in legal testimony, in popular address. Requisites for full expression are, a disposition to communicate and open channels. Culture of habits. Interaction of psychical and physical. The training is two-fold. Practical results are tested through criticism by a sensitive ear and a refined literary taste. Thinking. Elocution, or Oral Expression, presupposes some thought to be expressed. Delivery does not make 1 The analysis preceding each chapter is designed for both preview and review. The student will usually find it a help toward fixing in mind the contents of the chapter. thought, nor in any sense supply its place. Those entertainments which consist of a display of voice and gesture do not belong to that which is of first interest to thinking men with something to say. Agreeable sounds and combinations of sounds are not the end in speech, even in the sense in which they may be such in music. Neither amusement nor aesthetic satisfaction meets the requirements of rhetorical delivery. Communicating. - Elocution views the thought as being in the process of communication. In order to be communicated, it must first be formulated in the mind of the thinker: i.e., prepared for statement, with regard always (a) to the intrinsic properties and relations of the subject-matter; (b) to the speaker's personal relation to the subject-matter, occasion, and audience; and (c) to his purpose to produce a given effect upon the minds addressed. It is a matter of judgment and of adaptation of means to end. Hearing. Vocal Expression regards the thought as addressed to the ear; hence it employs as its media all the varied properties of tone through which the human mind can reveal itself, giving a wider range of means than writing all that writing can give and much more. Definition. Elocution, then, in the best sense, is the study of thought-processes in their relation to utterance. Rhetoric and Elocution. Observe two general ways in which vocalized thought differs from written thought. These will give a better notion of the relation between elocution and rhetoric. 1. Structure. Vocal Expression often demands a much simpler structure than writing. The listener is largely dependent upon the delivery; and complexity of structure renders the reception more difficult: The study of Vocal Expression naturally favors a simple, conversational style of composition. There are, indeed, great dangers connected with the "off-hand" style, — dangers which a habit of careful writing will avert. All that is claimed here is that the limited receiving capacity of the ear reacts favorably upon the thinking, demanding clearness, conciseness, directness, logical sequence. If, on the other hand, the subject necessitates complicated thinking, delivery can manifest this by many means, such as grouping of words, subordination of phrases and clauses, significant intonation, and variations in the rate of utterance. Good elocution will often thus compensate for an involved style of writing. 2. Suggestiveness. Parts of the thought may be implied and virtually incorporated by the tones of the voice. This second effect is obtained chiefly by variations of inflection. The tones thus assist both in the interpretation of what we hear, and in conveying fuller meaning when we speak. A few obvious cases are the following:— (a) Something added to the meaning of the words. A person quoting some strong utterance will often supply a part of the thought which, in the original utterance, was only implied by the intonation; thus, "Beware the Ides of March." (For, Cæsar, thy fate awaits thee then.) "My blessing season this in thee." (These are but words upon your ear, Laertes, but your father's admonition and affection are contained in them; time and experience will justify them to your own thought.) (b) The force of the words may be weakened, as in |