prefires, and suffixes. Suffixes are sometimes called affixes (ad, ; and figo, I fix). They may also be designated terminations, especially when they are not so much fragments of words as utter-endings, or additions forming the specific parts of speech in each case. Thus right becomes righteous, and righteous becomes righteousness, and righteously; where eous, ness, and ly are terminations; the first modifying the adjective, the third converting the adjective into an adverb, and the second changing the adjective into a noun. Of these three classes, the roots are by far the most numerous. The roots also undergo very various modifications from the prefixes and the suffixes. On these accounts, it seems desirable to study the prefixes and suffixes before we study the roots. Before entering into the requisite details, I wish to make another distinction. tire. trust that the healthful sympathies of the people will do some- "She said; her brimful eyes that ready stood, Released their wat ry store, and poured amain, A, of Latin origin, meaning from, is found in the forms a, ab, abs-e.g., abatement (French, abattre, to beat down), a beating from or down; abbreviation (Latin, brevis, short), a shortening; abstraction (Latin, traho, I draw), a drawing from, or away. "But man the abstract Of all perfection which the workmanship denies what is implied in the term, as acephalous (Greek, kepaλn, pronounced kef'-a-le, head), without head; a term applied in anatomy to the young of any animal born, from original defect of organisation, without a head. To avoid an hiatus (Latin, hiatus, gaping), a becomes an before a vowel; as anarchy, the absence of government; government in Greek being apxn, pronounced ar-key. Take the word truthfulness. Analyse the word. Obviously it consists of three elements: 1, truth; 2, full; 3, ness. Truth is the primitive word. By the addition of full (or ful), truth becomes truthful, an adjective; and the adjective truthjul is made into a noun by the annexation of the syllable ness. Instead of a noun, I might have formed an adverb by subjoining ly; thus, truthfully. I have said that truth is the primitive A, of Greek origin, found chiefly in scientific words, nas a word. Primitive is here used in opposition to the word deriva-negative or primitive force; that is, it reverses the meaning, or In relation to its derivatives truthful, truthfully, and truthfulness, the word truth is a primitive word, for it is their source. It is another question whether truth may not be reduced to a simpler form. In the same way, truthful is a primitive term when viewed in relation to its derivative truthfally. As with human beings, each word is in turn child and parent. Still there must be a common stock. But genealogies in language are scarcely less obscure than other genealogies. In linguistical genealogies, authority must receive great deferNow the word truth can be reduced to a simpler form, and yet remain a word. From truth take th, and you have tru -that is, true. So from strength take th, and you have streng, an old form of strong. But fowl is not a derivative word, because you cannot reduce it to another word in a simpler form; for, if you remove the l or the wl, the remainder is no word at all. Words, then, which appear to be primitive, may be derivatire; and the rule by which to ascertain whether a noun is primitive or derivative is this: words which, on the removal of one or more of their letters, have a distinct meaning, are derivatires; and words which, on the removal of one or more of their letters, have no distinct meaning, are primitives. By the application of this rule, we learn that kingdom is a derivative, and addition a derivative; while pen and head are primitives. ence. Ad, of Latin origin, to, passes into the forms ac, af, ag, al, an. ap, ar, as, at--that is, the terminating consonant of the prefix is, for the sake of ease in pronunciation, changed into the initial (Latin, initium, beginning) consonant of the noun; e.g.:— Ad. Ac. Af. Ag. Al. The prefixes and the affixes in the English language are numerous. Without a correct acquaintance with their import, the exact force of words can scarcely be understood. But these An. prefixes and affixes are of Latin and of Saxon origin. Consequently, in our attempt to ascertain their meaning, we must Ap. borrow aid from the Latin and from the Saxon. A few prefixes come from the Greek, the signification of which is to be found in the Greek. I shall treat first of prefixes, and, for the sake of facility of reference, take them up in alphabetical order. PREFIXES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A (an), of Saxon origin, has the force of in or on; as along, alongside, aback, ahead, abed. In this sense it is used in connection with present participles, as, a hunting; that is, in or at hunting. The form occurs in our common version of the Scriptures, in John xxi. 3, being a relic of the language in its older state, such as in part it is now found in colloquial diction. The phrase may be exemplified, and its meaning shown by comparing together the renderings of different versions of this passage: Common Version. Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing. Widif (1380). Symount Petir seith to hem, I go to fische. Tndale (1534). Simon Peter sayde vnto them, I goo a fysshinge. Cranmer (1539). Simon Peter sayeth vnto them, I will go a fisshinge. Geneva (1557). Simon Peter sayd vnto them, I go a fysshing. Eheims (1582). Simon Peter saith to them. I goe to fish. Authorised (1611). Simon Peter saith vnto them, I goe a fishing. Not only are these instances curious as exhibiting varieties of spelling, but they seem to show how thoroughly a part of the language is this prefix in the sense now illustrated. Yet is the usage disallowed, and by some regarded as a vulgarism. I Ar. As. At. "An adjournment is no more than a continuance of the session from one day to another, as the word (jour, French, day) itself signifies."-Blackstone. "The greatness of sins is by extension and accumulation."Jeremy Taylor. "'Tis most true That musing meditation most affects Far from the cheerful haunts of men and herds."-Milton. "This god-like act With laws to which you gave your own assent ?"-Pope. "Should I that am a man of law Arab is found in the form of amph, as amphitheatre, a theatre on land and in water. Ana, of Greek origin, up, back, as in anachronism (Greek, xpovos, pronounced kron'-os, time), an error in date by which an event is placed too high up or too far back; generally a deviation from the order of time. "The dresses and buildings of the time are preserved, though by frequent anachronisms."-Walpole. The ana is found also in anagram (Greek, ypauua, pronounced gram'-ma, a letter), which is a word produced by the transposi tion of its letters, having a meaning different from the original. "And see where Juno, whose great name Is Unio in the anagram, Displays her glittering state and chair."-Ben Jonson. Ante, of Latin origin, before, as antedate, to date before time, to anticipate "Andromache, my soul's far better part, Why with untimely sorrows heaves thy heart? No hostile hand can antedate my doom, Anti, of Greek origin (avri, pronounced an'-te, against), in Be crush'd and overthrown, And keep the gentry down."-Quaries. In theology, antitype stands correlatively over against type, as the counter-pattern to the pattern, the corresponding and completing form. "The Mosaic law was intended for a single people only, who were to be shut in, as it were, from the rest of the world, by a fence of legal rites and typical ceremonies; and to be kept by that means separate and unmixed until the great antitype, the Messiah, should appear, and break down this fence and lay open this inclosure."Atterbury. The i in anti is sometimes dropped before a vowel, as in Till fate condemns me to the silent tomb."-Pope's Homer. antarctic, which means opposite to or over against the north. LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-XIII. IN Copy-slip No. 43 the learner is shown how the letter q is connected with the letter u, which may be justly termed its inseparable companion, as there is no word in the English language in which q appears without being immediately followed by u. It is just possible, however, to give a word which forms an exception to this rule; and to satisfy those who may be curious on the point, and to make some slight addition to their stock of geographical knowledge, we may at once tell our readers that if they will take the trouble to search the map of France, they will find it in the name of a little country town called Acqs r Ax, which is situated in the department of Arriége, near the foot of the Pyrenees, and noted for the hot springs that are found in its neighbourhood. In writing the word quill, the learner will find a useful exercise in carrying letters above and low the lines a a, bb, in the same word, the practice afforded -imilar to that which was given by the words put and Copy-slips 30 and 34. In a former lesson (see page 173) it was remarked that there were some letters of the writing alphabet whose form is based on that of the letter o. These letters, which are C, x, e, and s, may be fairly termed modifications of the letter O, in the same way that we have the letters t and 1 as modifications of the pot-hook or bottom-turn. The first of them, the letter C, is commenced about the same distance above the line c c as the letter o, but instead of beginning with a hair-line, a dot is first formed from which a hair-line is carried round to the left, and the rest of the letter is formed in the same way as the letter o, with this exception, that the fine turn at the bottom of the letter is carried to the right and joined to the letter that follows it, as may be seen in Copy-slip No. 45. The dot with which the letter C is commenced is made (the self-teacher must carefully note this), not exactly in the same spot in which the letter O is usually commenced, but about a hair's breadth to the left of it, and the hair-line is carried on from the bottom of the dot, and not from the top of it, in a direction which turns first to the right and then upwards, after which the letter is completed as described above. 1. Ist dieser junge Mann frank? 2. Nein, aber er ist gestern krank gewesen. (Sect. XVII. 8.) 3. Wer ist in dem Garten Ihres Vaters gewesen? 4. Niemand ist in dem Garten gewesen, aber Jemand ist in seinem Hause gewesen. 5. Wie lange bleibt der alte Bauer noch in der Start? 6. Ich kenne den alten Bauern nicht, und weiß nicht, wie lange er bleibt. 7. Ist Ihr alter Freund, der Kaufmann, nach Wien gegangen? 8. Ich glaube, er ist nach Berlin zu seinem Bruter gegangen. 9. Von wem haben Sie heute diese Nachricht gehört? 10. Ich habe einen meiner Freunde gesprochen, welcher von Dresden gekommen ist, und mir einen Brief von meinem Vater gebracht hat. 11. Ich wohne bei meinem Oheim, und gehe mit ihm nach dem kleinen Dorfe. 12. Mein schöner Vogel ist aus dem Käfig geflogen, und mein kleines Pferd ist nach dem Walte gelaufen. 13. Was hat Ihr Herr Vater Ihnen geschrieben? 14. Er hat mir einen langen Brief geschrieben. 15. Wann sind Sie auf dem Markte gewesen? 16. Ich bin vorgestern Abend da gewesen, und habe Rindfleisch gekauft. 17. Wir haben diesen Nachmittag schönes Wetter gehabt. 18. Diese Schüler sind faul und jene fleißig gewesen. 19. Der Schnee ist vorgestern sehr tief geweien. 20. Ich bin nie krank gewesen. 21. Friedrich der Große war ein König von Preußen. EXERCISE 34. 1. Is your sister who gave me these flowers [Blume] at home? 2. No, she has gone into the country. 3. There has been some4. Do you reside in Berlin ? 5. No, I body in the garden. reside in Dresden. 6. The Queen has returned [zurückgekommen] from Belgium [von Belgien]. 7. Do you know the merchant who little pleasure [wenig Vergnügen] on your journey [Reise]; you have not been far [weit]. 10. You had more pleasure than we had, but we have been as much pleased [ebenso vergnügt] as you. came from Vienna ? 8. Yes, I know him. 9. You have had SECTION XXIII.-VARIOUS IDIOMS. The word Haus, without the article, when preceded by nach, answers to our "home" after verbs of motion, as :-Er geht nach Hause, he is going home. Zu Hause answers to our "at home," as:-Er ist zu Hause, he is at home. Bei (with) is commonly used with verbs of rest, and signifies (with a pronoun following) at one's house or place of business, as :-Er wohnt bei uns, he lives at our house. Ich kaufte es bei meinem Vetter, I bought it at my cousin's. Mit (with) is chiefly used with verbs of motion, as :-Ich gehe mit ihm, I am going with him. Zu Jemanden gehen signifies, frequently, to go to the house or residence of some one, as:-Ich gehe zu meinem Oheim, I am going to my uncle's. Wollen Sie heute Abend zu uns kommen? will you come to our house this evening? (§ 112. 3. 7. 8. 13.) 1. Derselbe (the same) is compounded of ter and selber. It is inflected precisely like derjenige. DECLENSION OF ders, dies, das-selbe. N. Derselbe, G. Desselben, D. Demselben, A. Denselben, derselben, of the same. tenselben, to the same. dieselben, the same. 2. Derselbe is often used in place of a personal pronoun, to avoid repetition or ambiguity, as :—Haben Sie dieselbe (sie) gesehen? Have you seen (the same) her? Der Mann lobt den Knaben, weil berselbe seine Mutter chrt; the man praises the boy, because the same (he) honours his mother. Er liebt seinen Bruter, aber nicht die Kinder desselben; he loves his brother, but not his children (he loves his brother, but not the children of the same). The genitive of the substantive pronoun ter is also thus used, as:- -Er liebt seinen Bruter, aber dessen Kinder nicht; he loves his brother, but not (that one's) his children. Blei, n. lead. VOCABULARY. Laten, m. shop, store. | Tasch'enuhr, f. watch. Lahm, lame. Ring, m. ring. Schicken, to send. So, so, as. RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. Wo ist der Fremte, der vor'gestern bei uns war? Er ist gestern nach Wien gereist'. Ist dieses Buch tassel be, welches Sie gestern Abend gele'sen haben? Ich liebe diesen Schüler, weil er so fleißig ist. Meine Freundin aus Ame'rika war gestern hier; haben Sie diesel'be schon gesehen? Truppen, troop. Un'dankbar, unthank ful. Weil, because. Where is the stranger who was at our house the day before yesterday? He went yesterday to Vienna. Is this book the same that you read last evening? I love this scholar, because he is so diligent. My friend from America was here yesterday; have you seen her yet? Ich habe des Lehrers Buch, aber nicht I have the teacher's book, but das Messer desselben. not his knife. EXERCISE 35. 1. Wo ist das Blei, welches Sie gekauft haben? 2. Es ist noch im Laden, wo ich es gekauft habe. 3. Haben Sie rieselbe Ferer, welche ich gehabt habe? 4. Wem werten Sie diese geltene Taschenuhr schicken? 5. Ich werde sie demselben Manne schicken, welcher sie mir geschickt hat. 6. Wie viel Geld braucht dieser alte Soltat? 7. Er braucht viel, wiel er immer krank ist. 8. Ist es derselbe, welcher gestern hier war? 9. Nein, jener ift bruk sehr lahm. 10. Wem schicken Sie den schönen Ring? 11. sch íájuke ihn tem Manne, welchen Sie so sehr gelebt haben. 12. Haben Sie die Freunte meines Bruters gelebt? 13. Ja, ich habe sie gelobt. 14. Haben Sie ticklben nicht geliebt? 15. 3ch habe eine kleine Schwester, welche ich liebe, lieben Sie tiefelbe? 16. Der Cheim liebt seinen Neffen, afer titillbe ift unta.fbar. 17. Der Vater liebt seinen kleinen Sohn, wiel terbe gut ist. 18. Warum int so viele Truppen in ter Stadt? 19. Weil sie aus dem &tieje aetemmen sind. 20. Warum lieben uns unsere Gitern? 21. Weil war ihre Kinder und 22. Zu wem gehen Sie? 23. Ich gehe zu meinem Better. 24. Mit wem gehen Sie? 25. Ich gehe mit meinem Bruter. EXERCISE 36. 1. Is your brother at home? 2. Yes, but he is ill. 3. Where have you bought this watch? 4. I bought gefauft] it of the watchmaker. 5. These rings are beautiful, will you give me one of them ? 6. The troops which went to Leipsic returned yesterday. 7. The teacher loves the boy, because he writes beautifully. 8. Do you go to your parents ? 9. I go with my brother. 10. These children love their teacher, because he is good to them. 11. Do you require my books any longer? 12. I will give you them back juif] to-morrow. | 28.35 *0013 6.4 380-0812 what is the same thing, write the decimal points under one another, and then proceed to add thus:-8 ten thousandths and 4 ten thousandths are 12 ten thousandths, i.e., 1 thousandth and 2 ten thousandths; write down 2 345-3294 under the ten thousandths' place, and carry the 1 to the next column of figures, as in simple addition. The same method will evidently apply for all the columns, since the value of each place of figures increases tenfold from left to right. The decimal point in the answer will clearly fall under the column of decimal points. We may also exhibit the process thus:28.35 835 345-3294 =353294, 0018 = 18 And therefore reducing all these fractions to a common deno:ninator, 10000, and adding them, we get for their sum— 1007 10000 283500 + 3453294 + 18 +6 1000 10000 Hence we get the following 6.4. =3800812 = 380.0812. Rule for the Addition of Decimals. 10000 Write the decimals under one another, so that the decimal points may fall under each other. Begin at the right hand, or column of the lowest order, and add as in simple addition, placing the decimal point in the row of figures so obtained under the other decimal points. EXERCISE 30. 1. Find the sum of the following decimals: 1. 257, 8:359, 23:056, and 57.145. 2. 00162, 1701, 325, 27031, and 3:000701. 3. 103041, 6578034, 2*4178, and 4-72103. 4. 467 3004, 28′78249, 1′29468, and 378241. 5. 293-0072, 89-00301, 29-84567, 92400369, and 72:30602. 6. 39461, 81-928, 3624-8103, 640-203, and 51216291-30002. 7. 36 258, 2:0675, 382-15, and 7:3981. 8. 32-761, 5-78, 1600837, and 49'3046. 9. 125, 6-293, 4:612, 38:07, 2:056, 3′218, and 162. 10. 35 7603, 47-0076, 129-03, 100′007, and 20-32. 11. 246134, 800 7, 29-461, 17506, and 3:45. 12. 45 001, 1634234, 20-3015, 634-2104, and 234-90213. 13. 1721341, 862017, 51-720315, 2:684, and 62:304607. 14. 1293062, 3'00012, 9-7003146, 3×600126, 7·0040031, and 8-7200489. 2. Add together the following, after writing them as decimals: 1. 45 thousandths, 6 millionths, 9 tenths, and 11 ter millionths. 2. 25 hundredths, 8 tenths, 65 thousandths, 16 hundredths, 12 thousandths, and 39 hundredths. 3. 9 tenths, 92 hundredths, 162 thousandth 439 thousandths, and 92 millionths. 4. 29 hundredths, 7 millionths, 62 thousandths, and 12567 ten millionths. 5. 95 thousandths, 61 millionths, 6 tenths, 11 hundredths, and 265 hundred thousandths. 6. 1 tenth, 2 hundredths, 16 thousandths, 7 millionths, 26 thousandths, 95 ten millionths, and 7 ten thousandths. 7. 96 hundred thousandths, 92 millionths, 25 hundredths, 45 thousandths, and 7 tenths. 8. Subtraction of Decimals. It is evident, from the remarks we have made with respect to the addition of decimals, that the process of subtraction will be performed in exactly the same way as in simple subtraction. Thus, to subtract 3:275 from 6:14, we write the decimal points under each other, as in the margin, adding a cipher to 6:14 for convenience, to make the number of decimal 6140 places correspond with that of the number to be sub- 3-275 tracted. We then say--borrowing 1 (really, or) from the next highest order of figures, as in simple addition-5 from 10 leaves 5, then 8 from 14 leaves 6, and so on, the devitaal point in the row of figures obtained falling under the other decimal points. We may also exhibit the process as follows: 2-865 O's. The methods of simple addition and subtraction apply to decimals, because the only condition upon which their truth depends is, that the places of figures should increase in value in a tenfold radio from right to left, which is the case with for units, tenths under tenths, etc.; or,, decim ila, proverb receives its fulfilment in human history, "When God loathes aught, men come presently to loathe it too." Justice in the administration of the law is a glory to any people. It is well known that in the degenerate days of Rome the judges were in the guilty habit of receiving bribes, and it is needless to say that at this period the national character had degenerated, when other things beside the ermine of justice were dragged in the dirt. English law is above suspicion for purity and honour in its administration. Trial by jury answers to a very large extent the high ends of justice, whilst the Courts of Equity, now so much more used than in olden days, save the cause of truth from being lost by mere legal quibbles and technicalities. Justice in commercial life is the very cement of society. When 2. Subtract the less from the greater of the following it is infringed upon by wrong-doing, depression settles down on numbers: THERE is a sense of accountability in every human breast. Savage and civilised races ake manifest its existence. The degree of its intensity, as a power, may differ, but it is as much an integral part of the moral nature of man, as the eye and the ear are parts of his physical economy. All injustice is contrary to our moral sense. It may be indulged to gratify passion, pride, ambition, covetousness; but it is condemned by the high court of judicature within, and sooner or later injustice brings its terrible penalty with it. Naboth's vineyard may be unjustly secured by covetous pillage, but neither the groves nor the grapes can minister lasting happiness: the gnawing sense of wrong will be awakened. That which a man sows he is sure to reap. This fine and delicate sense, it is admitted, may be dimmed by ignorance, darkened by superstition, and sometimes, by long neglect, it may but slumber in the breast; but it never dies out. All nations have more or less honoured the God-given sentiment of justice. The Greeks had their Justitia, called Astræa and Themis; the Romans had a goddess, which was at one time an abstraction rather than a deity possessing personality. The coins, however, that have been preserved, represent Justice as a maiden wearing a diadem, holding a sword and scales. Sometimes she is represented as holding in the one hand a cup, and in the other a sceptre. Nor can we forget that in the earlier ages of history, three years before Xerxes invaded Greece, the Athenians hastened to call to their political councils, and to the command of their armies, one who had before received the memorable cognomen of Aristides the Just. It need scarcely be said that the Scriptures also are full of honours paid to the just. Nothing is so mean as injustice. Lacking the element of justice in character, no other qualification will be of much avail. Generosity is only a misnomer where justice is set at nought. If we give prodigally to some whilst we are defrauding others, we are not generous but merciless. Injustice, however, does not merely relate to our dealings in material commodities. It appertains to our estimates of each other, to our expressions concerning each other, and to all the aspects of our common life. We may do the very greatest injustice to others even by the suppressio veri, or the mere keeping back of truth concerning them. Justice is of immense importance to nations. The preservation of treaties, the payment of bonds and interests on national loans is of the highest moment to the reputation of any people, and the infraction of just principles is sure to work out national punishment in the loss of credit and prestige. As it is with nations, so it is with individuals. Men come to shrink with disdain from the widely unjust, and the old trade and commerce, and for this single reason, that in civilised states of society all bartering and exchanging is carried on upon credit, which is only another word for confidence; if, therefore, that be damaged, it is easy to see how all the interests of the nation must suffer with it. Then only are we safe from paltry jobbery and trickery, when we can honestly say, "I hate oppression and robbery." We are not to be just only because it will be rewarded here and hereafter: we are to do right because it is right. At the same time we cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that in the system of things in which we live there are rewards accompanying an upright life such as no wealth can purchase. To be looked upon as unimpeachable for integrity, and unquestionable concerning justice, is to have that atmosphere of respect around us which can only be ensured by persistent continuance in well-doing. " Injustice, whatever form it assumes, apart from its inner penalties, will bring coldness and suspicion with it, and we shall lose two of the sweetest enjoyments of life-the sense of an approving conscience, and the good name which, we are told on the highest authority, is rather to be chosen than silver or gold. Only quibblers ask, "What is justice? They try to set aside its claims by casuistical questions concerning its nature. Justice is, in a word, the practice of those essentially Christian maxims, doing unto others as we would they should do unto us, and loving our neighbour as ourselves. We have treated of justice first amongst the moral principles in our consideration of life and duty, because we have in it the basis of national, as it is of individual, prosperity and honour. Above all, let us remember that it is this faculty in the moral sense which, whilst it ensures for us the favour of man, keeps us also in the fear of God. LESSONS IN DRAWING.-VII. To draw Fig. 51, proceed as follows: draw the horizontal line HL, arrange the PS, and place the point a where the corner of the wall crosses the horizontal line; next, the points d and e, with the perpendiculars passing through them. As the arch is semicircular, its centre will be at h, perpendicular to i, found by the intersection of the diagonal lines ƒ k and bm; the point h is then the radiating point for the points of the stones forming the arch. If the arch were lower, as Fig. 52, draw the chord ab; from the centre d mark the required height c d, draw ca and cb, bisect a c and cb by the lines ƒe and ge, e will then be the centre of the circle of which a cb is a segment; the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., will radiate at e. To bisect a line, as cb in Fig. 52, from c and b, with the same distance in the compasses make arcs to cut one another in p and s; through these points p and s draw a straight line, which will bisect the line c b, that is, it will divide it into two equal parts. It will be seen that the heights of many kinds of arches are regulated by their diameters; the two pointed arches, Figs. 53 and 54, will exemplify this. Let the diameter of the pointed horse-shoe arch, Fig. 53, be a b, bisect it in e, and draw to any length ef; bisect a e in c, and eb in d; from c, with the radius cb (or distance of cb taken with the compasses), describe the arc b f; also from d, with the same radius, describe the arc af. The higher-pointed arch, called the early English, Fig. 54, radiates from a and b, with the distance a b producing the arcs a d and b d. The semi-elliptical arch, Fig. 55. Let ab be the diameter; bisect a b in e by the line cd; bisect eb and ea in the points f and g; from f, with the radius jg, draw the arc gh, and from g, with the same radius, draw the arc fh; draw from h, through |