ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF THE SPANISH INTELLECT FROM THE

FIFTH TO THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

In the preceding Volume four propositions have been established

The truth of which may be further verified by studying the history

of Spain

PAGR

1-2

2

2-8

9-13

13-18

In Spain, superstition is encouraged by physical phenomena

It was also encouraged by the great Arian war with France

And, subsequently, by the war with the Mohammedans

These three causes influenced the policy of Ferdinand and Isabella

Continuation of the same policy by Charles V. and by Philip II.

Philip II., notwithstanding his repulsive qualities, was loved by the

nation

. 18-19

19-25

26-27

Their affection for him was the result of general causes, which,

during several centuries, have made the Spaniards the most loyal

people in Europe

Origin of Spanish loyalty, and evidence of it.

Loyalty became united with superstition, and each strengthened the

other.

In consequence of this union, great foreign conquests were made,
and a great military spirit was developed
But this sort of progress, depending too much upon individuals, is
necessarily unstable

The progress of England, on the other hand, depends upon the
ability of the nation, and, therefore, continues, whether individual
rulers are skilful, or whether they are unskilful .

In Spain, the ruling classes were supreme; the people counted

for nothing; and hence the grandeur of the country, which

was raised up by the able princes of the sixteenth century,

was as quickly pulled down by the weak princes of the seven-

teenth

The decay of Spain, in the seventeenth century, was connected with

the increasing influence of the clergy

PAGE

38-43

43-53

The first use which the clergy made of their power was to expel

all the Moors .

Effect of this expulsion in impoverishing Spain

Decline of manufactures, and of population, and increase of

poverty

53-64

In 1700, when affairs were at their worst, the Austrian dynasty
was succeeded by the Bourbon

78-79

Spain was now ruled by foreigners

80-85

Who endeavoured to improve the country by weakening the

Church

85-89

But the authority of the Church had so enfeebled the national
intellect, that the people, immersed in ignorance, remained
inert

Government attempted to remedy this ignorance by calling in

foreign aid

The influence of foreigners in Spain was displayed in the expul-

sion of the Jesuits, in 1767

And in the attacks made on the Inquisition

It was also displayed in the foreign policy of Spain

All this was promoted by the authority and high character of

Charles III.

But it was of no avail; because politicians can do nothing, when
the spirit of the country is against them.

Still, Charles III. effected great improvements, from which, on a

superficial view, permanent benefit might have been expected. 116-128

Summary of what was accomplished for Spain, by the govern-
ment, between the years 1700 and 1788.

Inasmuch, however, as these ameliorations were opposed to the
habits of the national character, a reaction was inevitable
In 1788, Charles III. was succeeded by Charles IV., and the new
king, being a true Spaniard, the reaction began

In the nineteenth century, political reformers again endeavoured

to improve Spain

For the reasons already stated, their efforts were fruitless, not-
withstanding the early establishment in that country of muni-
cipal privileges, and of popular representation

In this way, general causes always triumph over particular ac-

tions

128-130

130-131

135-136

137-138

Those general causes predetermined the country to superstition,

and it was impossible for individuals to make head against

them

Nothing can weaken superstition but knowledge

PAGE

138-142

142

142-144

144

Such failures are the more observable, because Spain enjoys im-
mense natural advantages

And has possessed great patriots and great legislators

The Spaniards have, moreover, long been celebrated for honour,

courage, temperance, humanity, and religious sincerity. 145-146

So far, however, as national progress is concerned, these noble

qualities are useless, while ignorance is so gross and so general 146-151

This it is, which, isolating Spain from the rest of the civilized
world, keeps alive that spirit of superstition, that reverence for
antiquity, and that blind and servile loyalty, which, as long
as they last, will render improvement impossible; and which
must last until ignorance is removed

. 151-155

CHAPTER II.

CONDITION OF SCOTLAND TO THE END OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

Scotland and Spain are very dissimilar in regard to loyalty.

But are very similar in regard to superstition

The Scotch unite liberality in politics with illiberality in religion.

This is the largest and most important fact in their history;

and the rest of the volume will be occupied in investigating its

158-160

160

160-161

. 161-163

Irish invasion of Scotland

Norwegian invasion of Scotland

163-164

165

166-167

The injuries which these invasions inflicted upon Scotland stopped

the growth of towns, and thereby favoured the power of the

nobles

The power of the nobles was still further favoured by the physical

structure of the country

And by the weakness of the Crown

Hence their authority had, before the close of the fourteenth cen-

tury, become enormous. The Crown, completely overshadowed

by them, could derive no aid from the citizens, because, owing

to the circumstances just mentioned, there were no cities

For, industry was impossible, and the commonest arts were un-

known

Evidence of the scanty population of the Scotch towns.

They were too feeble and insignificant to elect their own magis-

trates

The municipal element being thus imperfect, the only ally, which
the Crown could possibly find, was the Church

Hence, a coalition between the kings and the clergy against the

nobles

The clergy were the only body who could withstand the nobles.

Causes of the great influence of the clergy

PAGE

185-186

187

187

188-196

CHAPTER III.

CONDITION OF SCOTLAND IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES.

Early in the fifteenth century, the alliance between the Crown and

the Church against the nobles, became obvious

James I. attacked the nobles, and favoured the Church; hoping

197

198-199

thereby to establish the supremacy of the throne

But his policy failed, because it was opposed by the operation of

general causes.

199-200

Power of the Douglases, who were at the head of the southern

202-203

James II. murdered the chiefs of that family

The Crown, in its efforts against the nobles, was encouraged by

the clergy; and before the middle of the fifteenth century, the

Church and the aristocracy were completely estranged from

each other.

James III., like James II. and James I., allied himself with the
clergy against the nobles.

204-205

Their power, however, was too deeply rooted to be shaken; and,
in 1488, they put the king to death.

Still, and notwithstanding these successive failures, James IV. fol-
lowed the same policy as his predecessors
So did James V. Consequently the nobles imprisoned him, and
ejected the clergy from all offices in the state.

In 1528, James V. escaped; the Crown and the Church regained
the ascendant, and the principal nobles were banished
From this moment, the nobles hated the Church more than ever.
Their hatred brought about the Reformation.

Active measures of the government against the nobles .

The nobles revenged themselves by becoming Reformers

James V., on the other hand, threw himself entirely into the arms