woods, and supplied their place by the vineyards which have ever since CAMEO XV. been the pride of the Loire. His The strife respecting lay investiture was the ruin of the bearded Geoffrey; he claimed the investiture of the Abbot of Marmoutiers as a temporal baron, and thus caused himself to be excommunicated. vassals fell from him, and he became an easy prey to his brother Foulques, who threw him into the castle of Chinon, and kept him prisoner for thirty years. Geoffrey III. Foulques IV., le Réchin, was a scholar, and wrote a Latin history of FoulquesIV Anjou, of which, however, only a fragment is preserved. He was as wicked as most of the race, fierce, violent, and voluptuous. He was no longer a young man, and had been twice married, and once divorced (one tradition says that he was the husband of the demon-countess), when in 1089 he cast his eyes on the beautiful young Bertrade, daughter of the Count de Montfort, and promised Duke Robert of Normandy to make over to him the county of Maine, if he would use his influence with her parents to obtain her for him. The Count de Montfort would not give up his daughter to the wicked old Angevin till Robert, in his usual weak good-natured fashion, had yielded up a number of his own frontier castles as her purchase. Foulques did indeed put Maine into his hands; but he did not keep it long, for Helie de la Flèche set up his claim, and maintained it as we have seen. Nor did Foulques gain much by his bargain, for Bertrade had no perfection but her beauty, and in the fourth year of her marriage abandoned him and her infant son, and went to the court of Philippe I. of France, who had lately grown weary of his queen Bertha, the mother of his four children, and had shut her up in the castle of Montreuil. Philippe found some pretext for declaring that his first marriage and obliged to look beyond his own dominion, and it is said that it was the Bertrade's They were not, however, allowed to sin unmolested. husband made war on them on one side, Bertha's brother on the other. Philippe's son Louis fled to the protection of the English; and the Pope laid them under excommunication. For nine years, however, they persisted in their crime; but at last they made a show of penitence, the king pretended to renounce Bertrade, and they were absolved. Bertrade had forsaken her child; but she was very anxious that he should succeed his father, instead of his elder brother Geoffrey, a highspirited youth, whom the peasantry of Anjou regarded as their friend and protector. She contrived to sow dissension between him and his father, and at last caused him to be assassinated. Then she chose to come to Angers to see her son heir of Anjou, and actually brought the king with her; made Philippe and her husband I CAMEO XV. Foulques V. 1109. Marriage of 1120. The White behave in the most friendly manner, eat at the same table, sleep on the same couch; and Foulques was even base enough to sit on a footstool at the feet of this woman, who could scarcely have been better than the witch-lady herself. After the death of Philippe she returned to Anjou, and went into the Abbey of Fontevraud, where she practised such rigorous penances that her health sank under them. Her son, Foulques V., succeeded to the county in 1109, and was a much better man than could have been expected from the son of such parents. His wife was Sybil, daughter of Helie de la Flèche, an excellent, gentle, and pious lady, whom he loved devotedly. His eldest daughter, the Alix, or noble maid of Anjou, whose name seems to have been Matilda, was betrothed to William the Etheling, son of Henry I., in order to detach her father from the cause of the unfortunate William Clito of Normandy. The marriage took place in the autumn of 1120, when the bridegroom was seventeen and the bride twelve. It was celebrated with great splendour, and all the Norman barons did homage to young William as their future Duke. Afterwards the English court repaired to Barfleur, there to embark for their own island; but there was considerable delay in collecting shipping enough for so numerous a party, and it was not possible to set sail till the 25th of November. Just as the king was about to embark, a mariner, named Thomas Fitzstephen, addressed him, with the offering of a golden mark, saying that his father had had the honour of carrying King William to the conquest of England, and intreating that his beautiful new vessel, the Blanche Nef, or White Ship, with fifty good oarsmen, might transport the present king. Henry, always courteous, answered that his own arrangements were made, but that no doubt his son, the Etheling, and his companions would gladly make the passage with him. The king then sailed, taking with him the little bride, but leaving behind no less than eighteen ladies of the highest rank-among them his niece, Lucy de Blois, Countess of Chester, and his illegitimate daughter, Marie, Countess de Perche-also another illegitimate son, named Richard, and all the gayest young nobles, who were in attendance on the prince. Including the crew, the Blanche Nef was expected to carry full three hundred persons across the Channel. All were in high spirits, in that reckless state of mirth which the grave Scots deem as the absolute presage of a fearful catastrophe as well as often its cause; and the young Etheling, with open-hearted, imprudent good-nature, presented the crew with three casks of wine to drink to his health and the success of the voyage. Such feasting took place that all the rest of the fleet had sailed; but Fitzstephen boasted that he would overtake and outstrip every ship before they reached England. Some prudent persons among them young Stephen de Blois-left the ship; but no one else had any fears; and though the night came on, there was a bright moon and the water was calm. Every sail was set, the rowers plied their utmost strength, and thus it was with great violence that the A The White ship ran foul of the rocks called the Ras de Catte. A lamentable cry | CAMEO XV reached the ships of the king's fleet; but no one guessed the cause. boat was lowered, Fitzstephen handed in the prince and a few rowers, Ship, 1120. and bade them make for the shore; but just as they had pushed off William heard the agonized calls of his sister, the Countess de Perche, and commanded the rowers to put back and save her. The masterless, terrified multitude no sooner saw the boat approach than they all flung themselves headlong into it: down it went under them, and the whole freight perished. The ship itself soon likewise foundered, and there only remained, clinging to the mast, a young baron, named Godfrey de l'Aigle, and a butcher of Rouen. Fitzstephen, however, swam up, and called out to ask if the king's son had got off safe. When he heard their answer, he cried aloud, "Woe is me!" and sank like a stone. was a cold night, and after some hours young Godfrey became benumbed, lost his hold, and likewise sank; but the butcher, in his sheepskin coat, held on till daylight, when he was picked up by some fishermen, and told his piteous tale. It Next day the news came to England, and every one knew it but the king. For some days no one could summon up resolution to inform him of this surpassing calamity; but at last a little boy was sent to fall at his feet, and, weeping bitterly, to tell him all. The stern heart was wrung: Henry fell senseless on the ground; and he whose gaiety had once almost hidden his hard selfish nature never smiled again. The Count of Anjou sent for his daughter and her dowry. The daughter came, and afterwards became a nun at Fontevraud; but no dowry was sent with her: and Foulques returned to the cause he had deserted, gave her sister Sybil to William Clito, and held with him till his early death. On the death of his Countess, Foulques vowed to go on a crusade. His eldest son Geoffrey was but seven years old, and before setting out he solemnly placed the boy on the Altar of St. Julian at Angers, saying, "Great Saint, I offer thee my son and my lands; be the protector of both!" Foulques maintained a hundred men-at-arms in Palestine for a year, at his own expense, and signalized himself greatly. Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem, the brother of Godfrey, had survived his brother eighteen years when, in 1118, the crown passed to Baldwin du Bourg, Count of Essex, who, according to the usual fate of the Defenders of the Holy Sepulchre, felt his health fast giving way under the influence of toil, anxiety, and climate. He had been twice a prisoner, and had spent seven years in captivity among the Infidels; but his kingdom had been bravely defended by the knights of the Temple and Hospital, aided by Crusaders from the west. Of these armed pilgrims the Count of Anjou was so much the most distinguished, that after his return a knight was sent to him by King Baldwin, to propose to give him the hand of Melisende, the eldest princess of Jerusalem, and with it that crown of care and toil. CAMEO XV. Foulques, The crusading spirit was, however, strong in the house of Anjou, and so continued for full three hundred years: and though Foulques was considerably past forty, he accepted the offer, gave up his country to his son Geoffrey, and set forth in 1127, married Melisende, and four years after became King of Jerusalem. It was an unloving marriage; but he was much respected and beloved, and his biographer observes that though he had red hair, he had not the faults common in men of that complexion. He was continually in the field at the head of his knights, and won several victories, one of which gained the town of Cæsarea Philippi. He was killed by a fall from his horse, near Acre, in 1142; and left two sons by Melisende, Baldwin and Amaury, who afterwards both reigned at Jerusalem. CAMEO XVI. VISITORS OF HENRY I. (1120-1134.) Henry I. HENRY BEAUCLERC was really a great king. His abilities were high CAMEOXVI. even for one of the acute Normans, and he studied at every leisure moment. He translated Æsop's fables, not from Latin into French, which would not have been wonderful, but from Greek to English. He seems to have had a real attachment to the English, feeling that in their sturdy independence he had the best preservative from the "outre cuidance" of the Normans. Indeed the English mind viewed Brenville as making up for Hastings. He wrote a book of maxims, even on etiquette; and though his heart was almost as hard as those of his brothers, his demeanour was far more gracious: moreover, he felt remorse as his brothers never did, nor his father till his death. After he lost his son he had many a night of anguish, when all the men of his kingdom seemed to come and reproach him with their sufferings. But his reign on the whole was a breathing time, when he carried out his father's policy, restrained the barons, and raised the condition of the English. He was also greatly respected in other countries, and had many royal visitors, among the chief of whom may be reckoned his brother-in-law, David of Scotland, and Louis l'éveillé, the prince of France. In the Conqueror's life-time Henry and Louis had met at the court of France, where they had quarrelled at chess, and Henry in a passion had struck Louis a violent blow. His elder brother, Robert, then in exile in Paris, came in at the moment, and was so alarmed for the consequences, that he dragged Henry downstairs, called for their horses, and galloped away, never resting till he had seen the youth safely on the bounds of Normandy, where Robert himself might not enter. King Philippe's anger is said to have been one of the causes of the war in which William I. met with his death. Now, however, Louis was a fugitive from the persecution of the wicked Bertrade, and found shelter and protection in England till his father became reconciled to him. Another royal visitor was Sigurd the Crusader, king of part of |