greenish-gray or brownish; sides largely yellow, with narrow black streaks; but the coloration varies greatly, especially in western specimens. Several nearly related species inhabit Central America. These lizards are rapacious and devour great numbers of ground-keeping insects and crayfish. They breed by means of eggs hidden in loose soil or leaves; and are of slow growth. They are said to be easily tamed and to show intelligence.

GLASS-SPONGES,

certain silicious

sponges are so-called from the fact that the fibres or spicules composing their solid framework or skeleton is like finely spun glass. The glass-sponges, such as the Venus' flower-basket (Euplectella) and allied forms, live in fine sandy mud in deep water. The Euplectella inhabits the ocean around the Philippine Islands in from 10 to 20 fathoms. It forms a hollow cylinder or basket-work of spicules, enlarging at the top, which is broad and a little convex; it grows rooted in the sandy mud, anchored by its long glass spikes, which at the extremity end in anchor-like hooks. A number of similar but shorter, more dense sponges (Holtenia, etc.) live at great depths in the Atlantic, one kind occurring in shallower water (100 fathoms) in the Gulf of Maine. The glass-sponge of the Japanese seas is Hyalonema, in which the stem is twisted, composed of fibres, like spun glass, while the body of the sponge is long and slender; it grows nearly three feet in length. These glass-sponges, with the spicules having three crossed axes, or six threads radiating from a common point, are grouped in a family (Hexactinellida). The efferent canals are loosely meshed, while the digestive chambers (ampuliæ) are large and barrel-shaped.

GLASS STAINING AND GLASS PAINTING, the art of producing pictures on glass with vitrifiable colors; but a common extension of the meaning is to include all the make and design of ornamental glass windows. Originally there was but one method of making these, and that was to produce the pattern in outline with frames, into the grooves of which pieces of colored glass or of stained glass were fitted. In the Moslem East these frames were of plaster, or rarely of marble slabs pierced with openings. In Europe, since the 12th century, these frames have been of lead, rolled or drawn into what are called cames, that is, bars of an I section, the two grooves holding the glass firmly. Modern chemistry has so improved the art of glass staining that large pictures may now be produced on single sheets of glass, but nowhere have such pictures been successful in an artistic sense. In the original painted glass windows the pictures resembled tables of mosaic work, in which there was no attempt at shading or modification of the tone. What is perhaps the earliest known application of colored glass to window decoration, in Europe, is that in the monastery of Tegernsee, in Upper Bavaria, which was secularized in 1802, and is now a private residence. The windows of this structure, executed in the latter half of the 10th century, like all the first attempts, were only tasteful arrangements of colored glass in a translucent mosaic.

In the early part of the 13th century the mosaic patterns gave way to more elaborate designs, not only in beautiful arabesques, but

even in pictorial composition. In all these the figures were composed of pieces of colored glass combined with marvelous skill and taste. The work of shading and making so-called half-tints was not attempted; but an effect not dissimilar was got by painting in opaque pigment upon the glass and breaking up this painted surface into patchings and spots as when an artist draws in crayon or charcoal. The finest English examples of this early mosaic work are to be found in the cathedrals of Canterbury, Salisbury and Lincoln. In the 14th century the art of shading was advanced by removing certain portions of the colored surface.. The first period of the art reached the culminating point in the 15th century, but with the passing of Gothic architecture, glass painting lost its artistic spirit. Subjects in which were arranged a multitude of personages with all the elaborate artifices of pictorial composition; buildings showing complex linear perspective; foreshortened figures; the play of light and shade-all this was attempted to be exhibited in painted windows. It soon became apparent that the true art was lost, and though windows continued to be painted, only a few artists acquired celebrity. Perhaps the best examples of the 15th century period are the windows of the Cologne Cathedral.

About 1600, Bernhard von Linge, an artist from the Netherlands, residing in England, and who may be considered the father of the modern art of glass staining, established a school in London, whose influence is evident in the work of the present day. Francis Eginton (1737-1805), a native of England, accomplished much to restore the art during the 18th century. Among his numerous works, all of which are remarkable for brilliancy of coloring and delicacy of execution, are 'The Banquet of the Queen of Sheba) (a copy from Hamilton); two 'Resurrections) (from Sir Joshua Reynolds); 'Christ Bearing the Cross' (from Morales); and 'The Soul of a Child' (from Peters). Other famous artists of this period were Jouffrey and Baumgartner. The Renaissance in glass painting was contemporaneous with the revival of Gothic architecture in the beginning of the 19th century. Four German artists, Mohn, Scheinert, Ligm and Frank, were prominent as glass stainers during the century. In 1850, through the generous assistance of King Louis of Bavaria, a school was founded at Munich under the direction of Gärtner and Hess, the latter a well-known historical painter, which obtained a world-wide celebrity. Still, however, the purists in Gothic art, and those who were most concerned in the Gothic revival would have none of this glass of the early 19th century. It was seen that the smooth and clear modern glass would never do; and rough, partly opaque, flawed and bubbled glass was prepared on purpose. This material, known as "antique" and as "cathedral" glass, and by other names, allowed of a far more decorative effect.

The chief centres of the art in Europe are at Birmingham, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; Paris and Sèvres, France, and Munich, Metz and Nuremberg in Germany.

Not until comparatively late in the 19th century did the art of glass staining obtain a place in the United States. Only a few years ago Americans were seemingly content with imported windows, or with poor imitations made

here. In both cases the windows were but copies of medieval work, seldom equaling the originals, and never showing an advance, either in artistic qualities or improvement of method over the windows of the Middle Ages. Several artists and some makers of church furniture began making fine windows, and to-day largely through their efforts American colored glass windows have become celebrated for their color values and their color relations. John La. Farge, Louis C. Tiffany and other American artists in glass painting and glass staining took up the art where the mediavalists stopped, in the study of the inherent properties of the glass, both in their color and texture, in order to obtain in the glass itself light and shade, through depth and irregularity of color, in union with inequality of surface. In this way they sought to avoid the dullness, opacity and thinness which invariably accompany the use of paint, and are marked characteristics of European glass work. It was an American idea to make glass in lumps and chip it into flakes, to corrugate it, to blow it into shapes, or to pull molten glass out of shape. By such means the artist has succeeded in obtaining effects in this obstinate material which were deemed impossible. There was introduced a few years since the use of opalescent glass, the plating of glass over glass and developing the mosaic system, substituting it for glass painting. Churches, houses, hotels and theatres are now decorated by the mosaic stained glass which is largely a product of New York studios. Upward of $5,000,000 are invested in the stained glass industry in the United States.

GLASSE, glas, Hannah, English writer. She was the author of The Art of Cookery' (1747) a volume which became popular. In the fourth edition (1770) she is described as a habit-maker in Tavistock street, Covent Garden.

GLASSPORT, Pa., borough of Allegheny County, 10 miles south of Pittsburgh, on the Monongahela River, and on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad. It has manufactures of tools, steel hoops, spikes, rivets, glass, foundry products, etc. Coal mining is the principal industry. Pop. 5,540.

GLASTONBURY, Conn., town in Hartford County, seven miles southeast of Hartford, on the Connecticut River. It has manufactures of soap, woolens, paper, silverware and a large trade in tobacco and agricultural produce. Pop. 4,796.

GLASTONBURY, England, market-town and Borough of Somerset, on the Brue, 25 miles southwest of Bath. Its site was once an island, but now forms a peninsula. It was originally called Inis Vitrin, or Isle of Glassy Water, and later became known as Inis Afalon, or Isle of Apples. It has many interesting historical features. It is famed for its abbey, which dates back to the year 708, when it was built by the Saxon, Ina, in place of the British monastery founded about 601. The abbey is a ruin, and includes different periods of architecture. The ruins of the church, Saint Joseph's Chapel, and the Abbot's Kitchen, are the only buildings extant. There is a legend that Joseph of Arimathea came over to Glastonbury and

founded a church there; moreover, he is stated to have planted a graft from the sacred thorn there. Glastonbury Tor is a hill upon which the last abbot of the monastery suffered capital punishment for "divers and sundry treasons," in 1539. A lake-village dating back to the Celtic period was uncovered nearly in 1892. Pop. 4,250. Consult Gasquet, Cardinal, The Last Abbot of Glastonbury (London 1908); Hearne, 'History and Antiquities of Glastonbury (Oxford 1722).

GLAUBERITE, glâ'ber-it, a mineral having the formula Na2SO,CaSO., and crystallizing in the monoclinic system, usually in tabular forms. It is commonly pale yellow or gray in color, with a white streak. It has a hardness of from 2.5 to 3, and a specific gravity of from 2.7 to 2.85. Glauberite occurs in connection with rock salt in various parts of the world. In the United States is found at Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, Cal., and in tabular crystals in the Rio Verde Valley, Arizona.

GLAUBER'S (glow'berz) SALT, sulphate of sodium, Na2SO., so called from the German chemist, Glauber, who prepared it in 1658 by distillation of common salt with sulphuric acid, named it "sal mirabilis," identified it with the salt of beneficial mineral water and urged its good qualities. It occurs throughout Europe, especially at Carlsbad and Seidlitz, and in North America, notably at the Great Salt Lake in Utah. It forms oblique prisms which effloresce on the soil or on rocks. These are of a gray or yellow color, earthy, but transparent and vitreous when newly broken. It is readily soluble in water, and when heated or exposed to the air melts in its water of crystallization. Its chief use is in the manufacture of glass and sodium carbonate.

GLAUCHAU, glow'chow, Germany, town of Saxony, on the Mulde, eight miles northeast of Zwickau. It has two ancient churches, two castles, a Rathaus, a school of weaving and a technical college. It has extensive textile factories, numbers of dyeing establishments and manufactures of timber, paper, brick, machinery, etc. Pop. 25,155.

GLAUCINE, glâ'sin, an alkaloid contained in the leaves of Glaucium flavum, a sort of poppy. The leaves are macerated with acetic acid; the juice is pressed out, boiled, filtered and the filtrate is treated with lead nitrate, which precipitates lead fumarate. The filtrate is treated with H2S, then the glaucine is precipitated with tannin, and the precipitate decomposed by chalk. Glaucine crystallizes out of water in small scales, is easily soluble in alcohol and ether and forms crystalline salts.

GLAUCODOT, glâ'kō-dõt, or GLAUCODOTE, an orthorhombic, grayish, tin-white mineral of metallic lustre and black streak; hardness, 5; specific gravity, 6. Composition: Sulphur, 19.4; arsenic, 45.5; cobalt, 23.8; iron, 11.3. It occurs in chlorite slate in the province of Huasco in Chile, also in fine crystals in Sweden.

GLAUCOMA, glâ-kō'mą, a diseased condition of the eyeball characterized by a retention of the fluids within its cavity. As the fluids accumulate, pressure is exerted on the delicate lining, with resulting injury or destruction of sight. It is due to any causes operating

so as to close the place of exit for the fluids of the inner chamber of the eyes. See EYE. GLAUCONITE, an amorphous green opaque mineral, like earthy chlorite, with a dull or glistening lustre. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium, variable in composition, but averaging: Silica, 49.3; alumina, 3.6; sesquioxide of iron, 22.7; protoxide of iron, 6.3; potash, 8.3, and water, 9.6. Its hardness is 2, and its specific gravity about 2.3. There are two varieties of it; the one the green earth of cavities in eruptive rocks, the other the green grains in greensand formation. The latter, because of its potash content, is used locally as a fertilizer, along the Atlantic seaboard. The amount of potash ranges from 2.2 to 7.9 per cent in ordinary varieties such as occurs extensively in upper Cretaceous and lower Eocene strata of New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia. Occurs also in grains in upper Cambrian sandstone in various parts of the Rocky Mountain region and southward.

GLAUCOPHANE, glâ'ko-fān, a mineral of the amphibole group, crystallizing in the monoclinic system, and closely resembling amphibole in form. It is a silicate of aluminum, sodium, iron and magnesium, with variable proportions of the two latter metals. It is blue or gray in color, translucent with a vitreous lustre, and has a hardness of from 6 to 6.5 and a specific gravity of about 3.1 Glaucophane occurs in certain crystalline and mica schists, and is found associated with mica, garnet, epidote and diallage. In the United States it occurs chiefly along the Coast Ranges of California.

GLAUCUS, glâ'kus, the name of several personages in Greek legend. (1) A sea-god, who was at first only a fisherman, and whose oracles were highly prized by fishermen, according to the legends. (2) The son of Hippolochus and grandson of Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan War, and was foolish enough to exchange his golden armor for the iron suit of Diomed. He displayed much courage, but was killed by Ajax. (3) The son of Sisyphus, king of Corinth, by Merope, daughter of Atlas, and born in Potnia, Boeotia. He wished to make his mares swifter than others, for the purpose of vexing Venus, and Venus inspired the animals with such fury that they tore Glaucus to pieces as he returned from the games which had been celebrated by Adrastus in honor of his father. (4) The son of Minos II, and Pasiphæ, smothered in a cask of honey, and miraculously brought to life, by an herb sent by Polyidus the soothsayer.

GLAZE (ceramic), a vitrified coating which gives to earthenware or porcelain its brilliance and impermeability.

Glazes are of three classes: The glaze proper (Fr. couverte), a soft glaze (Fr. vernis) and the enamel or opaque glaze (Fr. émail). The glaze proper is a silicate of calcium, potassium and aluminum and is composed of feldspar chalk or whiting, kaolin and quartz. It is applied either to the clay ware (Chinese) or to the soft burned biscuit (modern); the whole piece is then burned to a high temperature (about 1,500° C.). Soft glaze comprises the vast range of earthenware and faïence glazes and includes the glazes of bone china and soft porcelain. A soft glaze is either a silicate or a

boro silicate, and the bases employed include the oxides and carbonates of the following elements: Lead, zinc, potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, magnesium, and as coloring agents the salts of iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, antimony, chromium and manganese.

The range of temperature is very wide. A simple lead glaze will fuse at 900° C. and a hard glaze for white earthenware may need 1,350° of heat. Enamels are sometimes used over other glazes and sometimes upon the biscuit body. Their essential condition is opacity. Oxide of tin, alumina, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate are used as opacifiers. The early wares made in Italy, Spain and Holland were of this type. (See MAJOLICA). For convenience of application glazes are ground in water and held in suspension, the article to be glazed being plunged into the liquid. For this reason only insoluble substances can be used, and where it is necessary to introduce alkaline salts and soluble boric acid or borates these are rendered insoluble by being melted with insoluble and readily combined reagents, such as whiting and barium carbonate. This melt is called a "frit" and the operation of melting is known as "fritting." Hence some glazes, mainly of the second class, are called fritted glazes, and glazes which contain no frit are termed "raw" glazes. Fritted glazes are, as a rule, harder and clearer than those which contain no frit except in the case of porcelain glaze (couverte), which is made from natural substances without frit.

GLAZEBROOK, Richard Tetley, English scientist: b. 18 Sept. 1854. He was educated at Cambridge and was principal of University College, Liverpool, 1898-99, has been director of the National Physical Laboratory from 1899. He has published various scientific textbooks and 'Laws and Properties of Matter'; 'ClerkMaxwell and Modern Physics,' etc.

GLAZIER LAKE, Minn., a body of water south of Lake Itasca, into which it empties through a swift and permanent stream about six feet wide; named for Capt. Willard Glazier, who claimed for it a geographical importance as the true source of the Mississippi. Lake Glazier has an area of 255 acres. It is estimated to be 1,582 feet above the Atlantic, and 3,184 miles from the Gulf of Mexico.

GLEANERS, The. See GLANEUSES, LES. GLEASON, Elliott Perry, American inventor: b. Westmoreland, N. H., 27 June 1821; d. New York, 26 Sept. 1901. Received a common school education; was one of the first to manufacture gas burners; and invented the regulating argand burner and other lighting devices.

GLEASON, Frederick Grant, American musician: b. Middletown, Conn., 17 Dec. 1848. He was a pupil of Dudley Buck at Hartford, Conn., studied also at Leipzig, Berlin and London, became an organist at Hartford, and in 1876 removed to Chicago, where he was active as composer, teacher and musical critic of the Tribune. Among his works are songs, trios, sonatas; the cantatas, Praise of Harmony,' 'God Our Deliverer' and 'The Culprit Fay'; and the operas Montezuma' and 'Otho Visconti.'

GLEBE, gleb (Lat. "soil," "clod"), the land possessed as part of the revenue of an ecclesias

-a

tical benefice in England or Scotland, often scattered through the parish. Where there are arable lands the glebe must consist of 4 acres; where there is none the parson is entitled to 16 soums of grass next adjacent to the churchsoum of land being as much as will pasture 10 sheep or one cow-so that the actual extent will vary with the richness of the soil. The glebe must be taken as near the manse as possible; and where there is no manse, vicinity to the church is the criterion. In general, the glebe is the subject of much discussion in the ecclesiastical law of both countries. Although the incumbent is temporarily proprietor, he has no right of alienating the glebe.

GLEDE, gled, an old British name for a bird of prey, the kite. See KITE.

GLEE, in music, a vocal composition in three or more parts, generally consisting of two or three contrasted movements, the subject of which may be either gay, tender, grave or pathetic. It is distinguished from a madrigal by its want of contrapuntal harmony, and in the independence of its parts it differs from a part-song. It is essentially English in origin and cultivation, and the period during which its Vogue was greatest and its form most perfect extended from 1760 to 1830.

GLEET, glēt, chronic urethritis; an obstinate inflammation of the urethra that follows acute gonorrhoea. The disease is evidenced by the continuation of the purulent discharge, or by a morning drop, or by the presence of shreds of mucous membrane appearing in the urine. It may be due to small ulcerated patches, the presence of a stricture, or inflammation continuing in the tiny pockets and glands. The cure of the inflammation requires astringent and antiseptic injections usually some form of silver, and under some conditions the passage of steel sounds.

GLEICHENBURG, gli'Hen-boorg, Austria, a watering-place of Styria, over 1,000 feet above sea-level, near the frontier of Hungary, 40 miles south of Graz. It contains saline alkali springs which are frequented by thousands annually, and the waters from which are exported. Pop. 1,500.

GLEIWITZ, gli'wits, Prussia, town in the province of Silesia, on the Klodnitz and Klodnitz Canal, 100 miles southeast of Breslau. It contains a very old church, gymnasium, technical and vocational schools, a museum, and its industries consist of iron foundries, boiler and wire works, farm implement works, paper, glass, oil, chemical and pipe works, etc. The town was founded in the 12th century. Pop. 67,000.

GLEN RIDGE, N. J., borough of Essex County, on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western and the Erie railroads, four miles from Newark. It is the seat of Mountainside Hospital and has a public library. It is a residential suburb of the neighboring great cities of New York, Newark, Jersey City. The borough owns the waterworks. Pop. 3,260.

GLENCOE, glen'ko, Minn., village and county-seat of McLeod County, on Buffalo Creek, on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad, 51 miles southwest of Minneapolis. Stevens Seminary and Saint Joseph's Academy are located here. It is the centre of

a farming and dairying region, and its industrial establishments comprise flour mills, grain elevators, foundries and machine shops. The waterworks are the property of the village. Pop. 1,728.

GLENCOE, Scotland, a valley in Argyllshire, running for 10 miles east from Ballachulish to Loch Etive. It is famous as the scene of the massacre of the MacDonalds on 13 Feb. 1692. (See SCOTLAND, History). Consult Gilfinnan, George, The Massacre of Glencoe and the Campbells of Glenlyon' (Stirling 1913) and Macaulay, T. B., History of England (3 vols., New York 1908).

GLEN COVE, N. Y., city of Nassau County, Long Island, 25 miles northeast of Brooklyn, on Long Island Sound and on the Long Island Railroad. It contains a library, public schools and a Friends' Academy. It is mainly a residential suburb of the metropolis and has a few local industries. Pop. 7,500.

GLENDALE, Cal., city of Los Angeles County, north of Los Angeles. It contains a sanitarium, Carnegie library and a high school. Oranges and olives are grown extensively in the vicinity. The city owns and operates the electric-lighting plant. Pop. 2,746.

GLENDALE, Battle of, also called THE BATTLE OF CHARLES CITY CROSSROADS, THE BATTLE OF FRAZIER'S FARM, and THE BATTLE OF WHITE OAK SWAMP. The battle of Gaines' Mill was fought on 27 June 1862. That night the Fifth corps and its supports crossed to the south side of the Chickahominy and destroyed the bridges, and the withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac to James River began. The battles of Allen's Farm and Savage Station were fought on the 29th, and on the morning of the 30th the Union army was across White Oak Swamp Creek, covering the roads leading to James River and the immense trains on their way to Malvern Hill and Harrison's Landing. Franklin, on the right, with Smith's division of his own corps, Richardson's division of Sumner's and Nagle's brigade of Keyes' corps, was at the bridge crossing of White Oak Swamp Creek. About two miles to the left, holding the intersection of the Charles City, Darbytown and New Market roads, thus covering the Quaker road over which the trains must pass, was Sumner, with Sedgwick's division of his own corps, Heintzelman's two divisions of Hooker and Kearny, Slocum's division of Franklin's corps, and McCall's division. Slocum, on the right of Sumner's line, was on the Charles City road, about a mile in advance of the junction with the New Market and Quaker roads; Kearny was on Slocum's left between the Charles City and New Market roads; McCall was on Kearny's left, and Hooker to the left and rear of McCall; Sedgwick was in support to McCall, but during the forenoon, two of his brigades were sent to Franklin. Porter's and Keyes' corps were at or on the way to Malvern Hill. After making these dispositions McClellan left the field.

General Lee's plan contemplated that Jackson should force a passage at the bridge held by Franklin, turn his right and reach the Union rear; Holmes to attack and turn the Union left and prevent its reaching James River, while the divisions of Longstreet, A. P. Hill and