Ideath. It is there told that "the valiant men of Jabesh-Gilead arose and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-Shan," and burned them according to the custom of the times. And afterward these "valiant men" fasted several days. The chief cities of Gilead were Jazer, Mizpeh, Mahanaim, Penuel and Succoth. Consult Oliphant, Lawrence, The Land of Gilead' (London 1880).

GILES, jilz, Saint (Saint Aegidius), a native of Greece, who, according to legend, lived in the 7th century. He gave all his property to the poor, and went to France, where he lived in solitude for many years. Finally he permitted companions in his retreat, and founded a house of the Benedictine order. A town grew up around it, and was called Saint Giles. The saint is the patron of many churches in France, Germany, Scotland and Poland.

GILES, William Branch, American politician: b. Amelia County, Va., 12 Aug. 1762; d. Albemarle County, Va., 4 Dec. 1830. He was educated at Hampden-Sidney College and at Princeton, studied law and practised at Petersburg, was a member of the Federal House of Representatives in 1790-98 and 1801-02, and of the Senate in 1804-15. In 1827-30 he was governor of Virginia. Originally a Federalist, he later became a Republican, and was the leader of his party in the Senate 1804-11. He took a prominent part in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-30. He was an effective speaker, assertive in methods and frequently broke with his party, in which he finally lost influence. His Political Letters to the People of Virginia' appeared in 1813.

GILES, Saint (Saint Giles in the Fields), a parish in London in the metropolitan borough of Holborn, a mile to the northwest of Saint Paul's. The church is in classical style, and contains the remains of Chapman, Shirley, Marvell, Lord Herbert of Cherbury and Sir Roger L'Estrange. One district of it, by its poverty and wretchedness, long formed a very striking contrast to the west end of the metropolis, so that Saint Giles and Saint James were spoken of as typical of wretchedness and luxury, respectively. There is another London church of Saint Giles, called Saint Giles Cripplegate, which contains the tomb of Milton.

GILFILLAN, George, Scottish writer: b. Comrie, Perthshire, 30 Jan. 1813; d. 13 Aug. 1878. He received his education at Glasgow University, studied theology at The Divinity Hall of the Secession Body and was ordained in 1836. He accepted a pastorate at the School Wynd Church, Dundee, where he remained until his death. His first publication was a volume of sermons (1839), followed by 'Gallery of Literary Portraits' (1846), and a second and third 'gallery.' 'The Bards of the Bible (1851) proved to be the best of his works. He wrote also 'The Martyrs of the Scottish Covenant' (1852), a 'History of Man.' and an edition of the British Poets.' He was most popular as a lecturer and preacher.

GILGAL, gil'găl, the name of several ancient towns near the Jordan, where the Israelites passed the river into Canaan, where they were circumcised and held the first Passover after leaving the desert (Joshua iv, 19). Here rested

the tabernacle, till removed to Shiloh; here Samuel held court as judge of Israel, and here Saul was crowned. It is frequently mentioned in the Bible; a school of the prophets was established here (2 Kings iv, 38), yet it afterward became a seat of heathen worship (Amos iv, 4). Josephus places one of the towns within two miles of Jericho, but no traces of it are at this day extant.

Ac

GILGAMESH EPIC, the story of the traditional hero of Babylonia, found in the library of Ashurbanabal. It originally included 12 tablets and 3,000 lines, about half of which are now available. The name of the hero was at first rendered "Izdubar," until a key was discovered by Pinches which indicated that "Gilgamesh" was the proper equivalent. The story has as its basis a mingling of mythological matter with historical tradition, just as one finds in various national epics. Gilgamesh is evidently regarded as a demigod and as a great ruler at the same time. The scene of the story centres about the city of Uruk or Erech in Babylonia. The first tablet describes various misfortunes which have fallen on the city. In the second, Gilgamesh comes forward as the hero into whose hands the place has fallen. To resist his ruthless treatment, the goddess Aruru, the creator of the hero, is appealed to to create a creature to resist the mighty conqueror. cordingly, Eabani, a wild man, is made. But Gilgamesh, by the use of Ukhat, a courtesan, succeeds in winning over Eabani, who becomes his valuable assistant in all of his enterprises, chronicled in the third and fourth tablets. They conduct a campaign against Khumbaba, and succeed in capturing the wonderful grove there. Very little of the fifth tablet has been preserved, but in the sixth, a new phase is developed. The wily goddess, Ishtar, the "creator" goddess, who has become notorious for destroying those whom she has made to love her, endeavors to induce Gilgamesh to wed her. This he refuses, and for this insult loses his chance for immortality. Ishtar, angered, seeks the aid of her father, Anu, the ruler of heaven, in gaining retribution. Anu creates a huge bull to destroy Gilgamesh, but this plot is unsuccessful. Eabani and the hero vanquish the bull, and his horns are sent to Lugal-Marada, the patron of the hero, amid general rejoicing. However, here the climax of the hero's glory is reached. A grave calamity befalls him in the death of Eabani, and his great strength begins to decline. Fearing lest the same disease destroy him also, Gilgamesh goes forth in search of Parnaphistim, son of Kidin Marduk, to seek the gift of immortality. The way to the god lies first through a vast desert, inhabited by scorpion men, and thence across a mighty sea, guarded by the goddess Sabitum, who refuses Gilgamesh passage, except on the condition that he gain the guidance of Ardi-Ea, the ferryman of Parnaphishtim. Gilgamesh is successful in securing the services of the boatman and together they come to the dwellingplace of the immortal god. Here, however, the hero is told that no mortal may escape death, and though sympathy is offered, nothing is accomplished. The long story of how Parnaphistim gained immortality is interposed at this point, in answer to the queries of Gilgamesh. At the advice of Ea, Parnaphistim escaped a

dangerous flood by building a houseboat for himself and his family, and when the storm ceased, Bel, who was the author of it, endowed Parnaphistim and his family with immorality, permitting him to live forever at the confluence of the four rivers, where lay the traditional Paradise of the Babylonians and Hebrews. The parallel between this storm story and the narrative of the deluge in the Hebrew Bible is obvious. Probably both were derived independently from separate interpretations of the narrative of the destruction of a great city or district. The wife of Parnaphistim prepares, at her husband's bidding, a magic food which partly cures Gilgamesh of his disease; and then, after bathing in the waters of the fountain of life, he finds himself completely restored. Before he sets out to return to his native land, the hero is informed of a certain thistle-like plant which will restore his youth. His search for this is successful; but just as he is about to take possession of the wonder-working herb, an evil demon disguised as a serpent steals it from him. He returns to his native city, weary and penitent,— and thus the eleventh book ends.

The twelfth book deals with the search of Gilgamesh for knowledge of the life hereafter. He calls upon Eabani to reveal the secret to him, and, with the consent of the god Nergal, is granted an interview with his lost companion. Eabani describes the gloomy abode of the afterworld, and tells of the various futures that await the dead, according to the manner of their ends. With this picture, the entire epic is brought to a close.

In this story, one finds a curious blending of the philosophy, history, mythology and religion of ancient Babylonia. In frequent recountings of the tale, doubtless new stories and interpretations were interspersed, until it reached the form in which it has come down to us. Allegorically, the whole poem takes on the aspect of the mystical life of man his search for the secrets of life, death and immortality. Created by the gods, he acquires for his assistance crude force and power, by means of which he is able to conquer his enemies and establish his greatness. But this strength leaves him, and he is left diseased and destitute. Of disease he is able to cure himself; but then, he finds himself face to face with the inevitability of death, gloomy and terrible in its outlook.

To what extent the Gilgamesh epic influenced the story of Nimrod in the Hebrew Bible is difficult to determine, though comparisons are profitable in revealing similarities. It is interesting to note also that the exploits of Hercules in the Greek legends had several points in common with those of Gilgamesh; and that in the legendary career of Alexander the Great, several incidents in the life of the Babylonian hero are incorporated. Consult Haupt, Paul, Das Babylonische Nimrodepos (Leipzig 1884-91); Sauveplane, F., Une Epopée Babylonienne, Ishtubar-Gilgames' (Paris 1894); Jastrow, 'Religion of Babylonia and Assyria' (Boston 1898); Sayce, 'The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia' (Edinburgh 1903); Meissner, B., Alexander and Gilgamos' (Leipzig 1894).

ROSE BOOCHEVER, Editorial Staff of The Americana.

GILL, gil, SIR David, Scottish astronomer: b. Aberdeen, 12 June 1843; d. 24 Jan. 1914. He was chief of staff of the private observatory of Lord Lindsay (afterward the Earl of Crawford) at Dunacht, founded in 1870; in charge of Lindsay's expedition to Mauritius in 1874 to observe the transit of Venus and the opposition of Juno, by means of the heliometer, for the determination of the solar parallax. He determined the longitudes of Malta, Alexandria, Suez, Aden, Bombay, Seychelles, Reunion, Mauritius and Rodriguez by cable and chronometers, and measured the first base-line for the Egyptian triangulation at the request of the khedive. In 1877 he was in charge of the expedition to Ascension to observe the opposition of Mars for parallax; and was director of the observatory at Cape of Good Hope, 1879 to 1907. In 1896 he originated and carried through the geodetic survey of Natal and Cape Colony and in the following year that of Rhodesia. He introduced the cataloguing of the stars by the aid of photography. He contributed largely to the literature of astronomy, and was the author of the 'History of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope' (1913).

GILL, John, Baptist minister: b. Kettering, Northamptonshire, 23 Nov. 1697; d. Camberwell, 14 Oct. 1771. He was practically selfeducated, and at the age of 19 began to preach. His first regular pastorate was at the Baptist congregation at Horsleydown in Southwark. Here he remained from 1719 to 1757, when he became pastor at a chapel near London Bridge. He lectured at Great Eastcheat also from 172956. The University of Aberdeen awarded him the degree of D.D. in 1748. His works include 'Exposition of the Song of Solomon' (1728); "The Prophecies of the Old Testament Respecting the Messiah' (1728); The Doctrine of the Trinity' (1731); The Cause of God and Truth' (4 vols., 1731); Exposition of the Bible' (10 vols., 1746-66). He left a fine collection of Hebrew and Rabbinical literature, and on the subject of the Hebrew language wrote "The Antiquity of the Hebrew Language — Letters, Vowel Points and Accents (1767). Other works are A Body of Doctrinal Divinity' (1767); A Boody of Practical Divinity) (1770); and 'Sermons and Tracts' (1773). Consult the memoir by Rippon (London`1816).

GILL, Theodore Nicholas, American educator: b. New York, 21 March 1837; d. 1914. He became professor of zoology in Columbian (now George Washington) University in 1884. His publications include Synopsis of Fresh Water Fishes (1861); Arrangement of the Families of Mollusks (1871); Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North America' (1873); 'Bibliography of the Fishes of the Pacific Coast of the United States to the End of 1879 (1882); Principles of Zoogeography (1884); The Characteristics of the Family of Scatophagoid Fishes' (1891); Notes on the Tetradontoidea' (1892); 'Parental Care among Fresh Water Fishes (1906); and, with Elliott Coues, Material for a Bibliography of North American Mammals' (1877).

GILL NET, a net suspended vertically, by means of floats, and leaden weights, in standing or running water, fresh or salt. It has meshes which allow the head of the fish to pass, but are

too small for the body beyond the gills to get through, and when the captive tries to draw back, catch in the gills, from which no effort can disentangle them.

GILLEM, Alvan Cullem, American soldier: b. Jackson County, Tenn., 1830; d. near Nashville, Tenn., 2 Dec. 1875. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1851, served in the Seminole War (1851-52), in the Civil War became brevet colonel, United States army, and brigadier-general of volunteers, and upon the reorganization of the State government of Tennessee was vice-president of the convention for revision of the constitution and a member of the first legislature of the new régime. In 1867-68 he commanded the district of Mississippi. He attained the rank of colonel and brevet major-general in the regular service.

GILLENIA, ji-lē'ni-ą, or PORTERANTHUS, a North American perennial genus of Rosacea, closely allied to Spirea, embracing only two known species; also called Indian physic, bowman's root and American ipecac. See BOWMAN'S ROOT.

GILLESPIE, gi-lès'pi, Eliza Maria, Amercan philanthropist: b, near West Brownsville, Washington County, Pa., 21 Feb. 1824; d. Notre Dame, Ind., 4 March 1887. In 1853 she became a member of the congregation of the Holy Cross, and after a novitiate in France was appointed in 1855 superior of the Saint Mary's Academy, Bertrand, Mich. She later transferred the academy to its present location, Saint Mary's, Ind., and established nearly 30 similar institutions in the United States. During the Civil War she directed from Cairo, Ill., an important hospital work for Federal soldiers. Upon the separation of the congregation of the Holy Cross in the United States from the order in Europe she was for two terms superior.

American Protestant Episcopal bishop: b. Goshen, N. Y., 15 June 1819; d. Grand Rapids, Mich., 19 March 1909. He was graduated from the General Theological Seminary in New York in 1840, entered the ministry and held rectorates at Leroy, N. Y.; Cincinnati, Ohio; Palmyra, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1875 he was consecrated bishop of Western Michigan. He published many religious works.

GILLETT, Ezra Hall, American clergyman and educator: b. Colchester, Conn., 15 July 1823; d. New York, 2 Sept. 1875. He was graduated at Yale College in 1841 and from Union Theological Seminary in 1844. For the next 25 years he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Harlem, New York city. In 1868 he became professor of ethics, political economy and history in New York University and served until his death. His extensive library containing a very complete collection on the Deistic Controversy is the property of Union Theological Seminary. He was the author of many articles contributed to the theological reviews, and author of The Life and Times of John Huss' (2 vols., 1861); 'Life Lessons in the School of Christian Duty' (1864); History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States) (2 vols., 1864); England Two-hundred Years Ago (1866); What Then, or the Soul's Tomorrow (1866); Ancient Cities and Empires: Their Prophetic Doom' (1867); and an authoritative work on the Deistic Controversy God in

Human Thought' (2 vols., 1874); The Moral System (1874).

GILLETTE, William, American actor and playwright: b. Hartford, Conn., 24 July 1855. He took special courses of study at the University of New York, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Boston while playing in stock companies. From 1877 devoted himself zealously to work on the stage, playing with different stock companies in New Orleans, Boston, New York and other cities. He has since then acted important parts in many of his own plays. Among his best-known productions are The Professor' (1881); 'Esmeralda (1881), with Mrs. F. H. Burnett; "The Private Secretary'; 'Held by the Enemy (1886); A Legal Wreck' (1888); Too Much Johnson (1895); (Secret Service' (1896); and Sherlock Holmes' (1899).

GILLIS, gil'is, James Melvin, American astronomer: b. Georgetown, D. C., 6 Sept. 1811; d. Washington, D. C., 9 Feb. 1865. He entered the navy in 1827, soon obtained leave of absence and was graduated at the University of Virginia, and then spent six months in study in Paris. He was in charge of the observation of occultations and transit observations made in connection with the Wilkes exploring expedition, Gillis making the observations at the Washington end at a little observatory on Capitol Hill. He had charge of the United States astronomical expedition to the southern hemisphere, and in 1861 was appointed superintendent of the national observatory at Washington, D. C. He published 'Astronomical Observations (1846); 'Report of the United States Astronomical Expedition of 1849-52' (1855).

GILLIS LAND, an Arctic region north of Spitzbergen, first sighted in 1707 by Gillis, a Dutchman, in lat. 81° 30′ N. and long. 36° E., but not visited by him. Some geographers identify it with King Charles or Wiche Land, one of the Spitzbergen group.

GILLMAN, Henry, American botanist: b. Kinsale, Ireland, 16 Nov. 1833; d. Detroit, Mich., 30 July 1915. He settled in Detroit, Mich., in 1850; and was United States consuĺ at Jerusalem in 1886-91. During his consulate he so strongly opposed the Turkish government in its expulsion of Jews from Palestine that several European countries supported him, and the exclusion laws were modified. He is best. remembered for his researches in archæology and botany and his procurement and publication of photographic facsimiles of texts of early Christian MSS., including the Didache. He published 'The Wild Flowers and Gardens of Jerusalem and Palestine' (1894); Hassan> (1896); Vericourt Westhrop and Issue> (1903); also many scientific and other papers, including The Ancient Men of the Great Lakes'; Is a Variety an Incipient Species ?' ; 'Adonis in Livery'; Under the Sign Taurus); 'Gilbert Jervis, etc.

GILLMORE, Quincy Adams, American military officer: b. Black River, Lorain County, Ohio, 28 Feb. 1825; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., 7 April 1888. He was graduated at West Point in 1849; promoted captain in 1861, and brigadiergeneral of volunteers in 1862. He displayed skill as an engineer by the capture of Fort Pulaski in April 1862, and was appointed com

mander of the Department of the South in June 1863. He made a successful attack on Morris Island in July 1863, began to bombard Fort Sumter and Charleston in August, and took Fort Wagner in September; Fort Sumter was reduced to a ruinous condition, but its garrison continued to hold it till 17 Feb. 1865. General Gillmore commanded the Tenth corps near Richmond in 1864, and was brevetted major-general, United States army, in 1865.

GILLOTT, jil'ot, Joseph, English manufacturer: b. Sheffield, 11 Oct. 1799: d. Birmingham, 6 Jan. 1872. He shares with Sir Josiah Mason the credit of having brought the manufacture of steel pens to its present state of high perfection.

GILLS, the breathing organs of fishes, larval amphibians, crustaceans and certain other aquatic animals. See Respiratory System, in article ANATOMY, COMPARATIVE; also FISH.

GILLYFLOWER, a popular English name for some of the cruciferous plants most prized for the beauty and fragrance of their flowers, as the wallflowers and stocks; also for Hesperis matronalis, dame's rocket or dame's violet (q.v.). The name gillyflower has been regarded as a corruption of July-flower; but in Chaucer it appears in the form gilofre; and the French giroflée indicates the true derivation from girofle, a clove, the smell of the clovegillyflower, or clove-pink, having suggested the name of that flower.

GILMAN, Arthur, American educator: b. Alton, Ill., 22 June 1837; d. 28 Dec. 1910. He was engaged in banking in New York 185762, when he removed to Lenox, Mass., and devoted himself to literary and educational work until he went to Cambridge in 1870. He was the originator (1876) of the Harvard Annex, of which he became executive officer, and, upon its organization as Radcliffe College, regent. In 1886 he founded and became director of the Cambridge school for girls, known as the Gilman School. He edited Chaucer's works (1879) and other collections, collaborated in several volumes of the 'Stories of the Nations' series, and wrote a number of educational works, chiefly historical in character, such as 'The Story of Rome) (1886); The Colonization of America' (1887).

GILMAN, Caroline Howard, American author: b. Boston, 8 Oct. 1794; d. Washington, D. C., 15 Sept. 1888. In 1819 she was married to the Rev. Samuel Gilman (q.v.) and removed with him to Charleston, S. C., where she began to edit in 1832 the Rosebud, a juvenile weekly newspaper, which subsequently took the name of the Southern Rose, and contained articles of much literary merit. From this periodical she reprinted at different times the Recollections of a New England Housekeeper' (1835); 'Recollections of a Southern Matron' (1836); 'Ruth Raymond, or Love's Progress'; 'Poetry of Traveling in the United States'; Verses of a Lifetime; 'Mrs. Gilman's Gift Book'; and other volumes. The first two of these works attracted particular attention by their practical lessons as well as their genial simplicity and humor, and passed through many editions. She was especially successful, also, in her books for children.

GILMAN, Charlotte Perkins Stetson, American lecturer and writer: b. Hartford, Conn., 1860. She is a daughter of Frederic Beecher and was married to G. H. Gilman in 1900. She is a prominent advocate of equality for women and has published Woman and Economics' (1898); 'In This Our World,' a book of verse (1898); The Yellow Wall Paper' (1899); Concerning Children' (1900); What Diantha Did' (1910); The Man-Made World' (1910); The Crux (1911); Moving the Mountain' (1911).

GILMAN, Daniel Coit, American educator: b. Norwich, Conn., 6 July 1831; d. there, 13 Oct. 1908. He was graduated at Yale College in 1852; was professor of physical and political geography in Yale in 1856-72; and president of the University of California 187275. When Johns Hopkins University was founded in Baltimore, Md., in 1875, he was elected its first president and served in that capacity till 1901, when he resigned. In 189697 he was a member of the commission to settle the boundary line between Venezuela and British Guiana, and in the latter year also served on the commission to draft a new charter for Baltimore. He was president of the American Oriental Society 1893-1906, and vicepresident of the Archæological Institute of America, executive officer of the Maryland Geological Survey and president of the National Civil Service Reform League from 1901 to 1907. He wrote Life of James Monroe' (1883); University Problems (1898); Introduction to DeTocqueville's Democracy in America'; 'Life of James Dwight Dana, etc.

GILMAN, John Taylor, American statesman: b. Exeter, N. H., 19 Dec. 1759; d. there, 31 Aug. 1828. In 1775, on the morning after the news of the battle at Lexington and Concord reached Exeter, he marched with 100 other volunteers to Cambridge, Mass., where he served in the provincial army. In 1782 and 1783 he was a member of the Continental Congress, and in 1797 he was chosen governor of New Hampshire, and was annually re-elected for 10 successive years. In 1813-14-15 he was again elected governor, after which he declined to be a candidate. He was a zealous Federalist, and his popularity in New Hampshire was so great that he was frequently chosen governor when his party was in the minority.

GILMAN, Nicholas, American statesman: b. Exeter, N. H., 3 Aug. 1755; d. Philadelphia, 2 May 1814. He was a brother of J. T. Gilman (q.v.) and like him served in the Continental army during the War of the Revolution. He represented New Hampshire in Congress in 1786, and again 1789-97, and was a United States senator 1805-14. He was one of the framers of the Constitution of the United States.

GILMAN, Samuel, American clergyman and author: b. Gloucester, Mass., 1791; d. 1858. He was educated at Harvard University, where he was graduated in 1811. Eight years later he was made pastor of a Unitarian church in Charleston, S. C. He continued in this post until his death; was a great promoter of temperance and an excellent pulpit orator. He married Caroline Howard, daughter of Samuel Howard. His published works are Memoirs of a New England Village Choir) (1829);

'Pleasures, and Pains of a Student's Life (1852); Contributions to Literature, Descriptive, Critical, Humorous, Biographical, Philosophical and Poetical' (1856); also translations from Boileau and articles in periodicals.

GILMER, Jeremy Francis, American soldier: b. Guilford County, N. C., 23 Feb. 1818; d. 1 Dec. 1883. He was graduated at West Point and entered the engineer corps of the United States in 1839. At the opening of the Civil War he resigned his captain's commission and entered the Confederate service, becoming major-general in 1863.

GILMOR, Harry, American soldier: b. Baltimore County, Md., 24 Jan. 1838; d. Baltimore, 4 March 1883. He entered the Confederate army at the beginning of the Civil War, became known for his exploits as scout, in 1863 raised a battalion of horse of which he was made major, and later in that year, in command of the First Maryland Confederate regiment, captured Frederick, Md., and Chambersburg, Carlisle and Gettysburg, Pa. In 1864 he led Early's advance into Maryland. He was elected Baltimore's police commissioner in 1874, and wrote 'Four Years in the Saddle' (1866).

GILMORE, James Roberts (EDMUND KIRKE), American editor and writer: b. Boston, Mass., 10 Sept, 1822; d. 1903. He was at first in mercantile life, subsequently entering journalism and literature, and his earlier works were written under the pseudonym, "Edmund Kirke." He wrote 'Among the Pines' (1862); 'My Southern Friends' (1862); 'Down in Tennessee (1863); Life of Garfield'; 'Among the Guerrillas'; 'Adrift in Dixie) (1863); 'On the Border'; 'Patriot Boys); The Rear-Guard of the Revolution'; John Sevier as a Commonwealth Builder'; The Advance-Guard of Western Civilization' (1888); 'Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War' (1898), etc.

GILMORE, Joseph Albree, American politician: b. Weston, Vt., 10 June 1811; d. Concord, N. H., 17 April 1867. He became superintendent of various New Hampshire railway lines, was elected to the State senate in 1858 and re-elected in 1859. In 1863 he was elected governor by the legislature, and in 1864 reelected by popular vote. His energy increased the troops furnished by New Hampshire to the Federal armies from 15,500 to 33,258.

GILMORE, Patrick Sarsfield, American musical conductor: b. near Dublin, Ireland, 25 Dec. 1829; d. Saint Louis, Mo., 24 Sept. 1892. He went to Boston at 18 and the next year organized Gilmore's band. In 1869 he arranged the Peace Jubilee in Boston, and in 1872 the World's Jubilee, in Boston also. Later he formed the noted 22d Regiment band in New York, which gave concerts in the United States and made a European concert tour in 1882. He composed but little; an anthem entitled 'Columbia, intended to serve as the country's national hymn, was his only work of note.

GILMOUR, Richard, American Roman Catholic prelate: b. Glasgow, Scotland, 28 Sept. 1824; d. Saint Augustine, Fla., 13 April 1891. He was ordained priest in 1852, and after various pastorates, including those at Portsmouth, Ironton, Cincinnati and Dayton, was consecrated bishop of Cleveland in 1872. His ad

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ministration of the diocese was markedly efficient, and particularly so along the lines of Roman Catholic education. He published a 'Bible History' (1869); a series of 'Catholic National Readers,' and other books, and in 1874 founded the Catholic Universe, an influential journal.

GILOLO, je-lō-lỡ, JILOLO or HALMAHERA, an island of the Molucca group in the Indian Archipelago, belonging to the Netherlands; area 6,500 square miles; length 225 miles. It is of singular form, consisting of four peninsulas, radiating from a common centre, and having large bays between. It is rugged and mountainous, the mountains being volcanic. The original inhabitants have been gradually pressed into the interior by the Malays. Pop. 120,000.

GILPIN, Bernard, English clergyman, known as the "Apostle of the North": b. Kentmere, Westmoreland, 1517; d. Houghton-leSpring, 4 March 1583. After studying at Queen's College, Oxford, where he was elected Fellow, he was ordained in 1542. Subsequently he became student of Christ Church. The Reformation soon assumed great importance at Oxford, and Gilpin at first reacted unfavorably toward it, but later was partly won over. In 1552, he was given the vicarage of Norton and obtained a license to preach throughout the kingdom during the lifetime of Edward VI. When Mary succeeded to the throne, Gilpin left England and spent several years at Louvain and Paris, pursuing further religious studies. On his return to England, he was given the vicarage of Easington and the archdeaconry of Durham by his uncle, Bishop Tunstall of Durham, who also protected him against the enemies who attacked him on the ground of his severe criticism of the clergy. He was reported to Bonner, bishop of London, and prepared to give himself up. An accident delayed his jour ney, and in the meantime, Elizabeth ascended the throne. Gilpin returned to Houghton-leSpring, where he remained as rector for the rest of his life. Here he became known for his lavish benevolence and charity, his wisdom as a judge, his fearlessness and great goodness, He was active in promoting education, built and endowed a grammar school at his own expense; maintained scholarships for poorer children; sent many of the more promising students to the university; and actually boarded some of them at his own house. He made frequent journeys to the neglected counties of Northumberland, Yorkshire, Cheshire and Cumberland, constantly stimulating and encouraging the work of the clergy there. During his frequent absences, he provided for his own parish by supporting an assistant. As for his position in the religious controversies of the day, it was peculiar to himself. He accepted none of the reformed systems in entirety, although he tolerated various liberal theories. Consult the life by George Carleton, in Bates's 'Vitæ selectorum aliquot virorum' (London 1861). It was translated by William Freake (London 1629; reprinted, Glasgow 1852).

GILPIN, gil'pin, Henry Dilwood, American lawyer: b. Lancaster, England, 14 April 1801; d. Philadelphia, 29 Jan. 1860. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, studied law and became State attorney in 1822. He was