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400. Darwin's theory of evolution "reproved and refuted" Darwinism Reproved and Refuted (Washington, D.C., 1873) (pamphlet).

401. An argument of John Fiske that the theory of evolution elevates rather than degrades man

FISKE, The Destiny of Man, pp. 18 sqq., 96-103 passim.

402. The antiquity of man

LANKESTER, The Kingdom of Man (1907), pp. 14 sqq.

403. Huxley on protoplasm

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HUXLEY, Essays on the Physical Basis of Life (New York),
pp. 131-143 passim.

404. The beneficent bacteria.

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OSLER, Dr. WILLIAM, in The Progress of the Century (1901),
pp. 184 sq.

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READINGS IN MODERN

EUROPEAN HISTORY

VOLUME II

EUROPE SINCE THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

READINGS IN MODERN

EUROPEAN HISTORY

CHAPTER XVII

EUROPE AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

Section 49. The Restoration in France and the Revolution of 1830

Although the Bourbon line of kings, in the person of Louis XVIII, was restored after the downfall of Napoleon, absolute monarchy in France had been destroyed for all time by the Revolution. Accordingly, Louis XVIII found it necessary to issue a constitutional charter in which he enumerated many of the rights of citizens that had been proclaimed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789, and also provided for a legislature of two houses. This document is especially important because it furnishes an expression of the permanent results produced by the Revolution, and these are not at all obscured by the king's pretense that he is merely reviving ancient institutions. This charter served France for a long period, for, although modified on the accession of Louis Philippe, it was retained in its essential form until 1848.

I

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