6. Never be a Judge between thy friends in any matter where both set their hearts upon the victory: If strangers or enemies be litigants, what ever side thou favourest, thou gettest a friend, but when friends are the parties thou losest

one.

7. Never comport thy self so, as that thy friend can be afraid of thee: for then the state of the relation alters when a new and troublesome passion supervenes. ODERUNT quos METUUNT. Perfect love casteth out fear, and no man is friend to a Tyrant; but that friendship is Tyranny where the love is changed into fear, equality into empire, society into obedience; for then all my kindness to him also will be no better than flattery.

8. When you admonish your friend, let it be without bitterness; when you chide him, let it be without reproach; when you praise him, let it be with worthy purposes and for just causes, and in friendly measures; too much of that is flattery, too little is envy; if you do it justly, you teach him true measures: but when others praise him, rejoyce, though they praise not thee, and remember that if thou esteemest his praise to be thy disparagement, thou art envious, but neither just nor kind.

9. When all things else are equal prefer an old friend before a new. If thou meanest to spend thy friend, and make a gain of him till he be weary, thou wilt esteem him as a beast of burden, the worse for his age; But if thou esteemest him by noble measures, he will be better to thee by thy being used to him, by trial and experience, by reciprocation of indearments, and an habitual worthiness. An old friend is like old wine, which when a man hath drunk, he doth not desire new, because he saith the old is better. But every old friend was new once; and if he be worthy keep

the new one till he become old.

10. After all this, treat thy friend nobly, love to be with him, do to him all the worthinesses of love and fair endearment, according to thy capacity and his; Bear with his infirmities till they approach towards being criminal; but never dissemble with him, never despise him, never leave him.

* Give him gifts and upbraid him not, and refuse not his kindnesses, and be sure never to despise the smallness or the impropriety of them. Confirmatur amor beneficio accepto: A gift (saith Solomon) fasteneth friendships; for as an eye that dwells long upon a star must be refreshed with lesser beauties and strengthened with greens and looking-glasses, lest the sight become amazed with too great a splendor; so must the love of friends sometimes be refreshed with material and low Caresses; lest by striving to be too divine it become less humane: It must be allowed its share of both: It is humane in giving pardon and fair construction, and openness and ingenuity, and keeping secrets; it hath something that is divine, because it is beneficent; but much because it is eternal.

1 They will Hate those whom they Fear. Words of an unknown author quoted by Seneca, "De Ira" ("Oderint dum metuant"), and more than once by Cicero.

* Extra fortunam est quicquid donatur amicis;

Quas dederis solas semper habebis opes.-Mart., lib. 5, ep. 43.
Et tamen hoc vitium, sed non leve, sit licet unum,
Quod colit ingratas pauper amicitias.

Quis largitur opes veteri fidoque sodalı?-Ep. 19.

3 Non belle quædam faciunt duo: sufficit unus
Huic operi: si vis ut loquar, ipse tace.
Crede mihi, quamvis ingentia, Posthume, dones,
Authoris pereunt garrulitate sui.-Ep 53.

(These references to Martial are Jeremy Taylor's notes.)

storms of the Civil War and Commonwealth, into a harbour of quiet thought where their chief care was to secure what Bacon called the merchandise of light. When Robert Boyle settled at Oxford in 1654, for love of the companionship of men of science there, Dr. John Wilkins was warden of Wadham College. Dr. Wilkins, son of Walter Wilkins, citizen and goldsmith, was then forty years old. He had been of the Parliament's side in the Civil War, and in 1656 he married Oliver Cromwell's sister Robina, widow of Peter French, formerly Canon of Christchurch. In 1659, Richard Cromwell made Dr. Wilkins Master of Trinity, but he was ejected at the Restoration, and then came to London, where he was at first made preacher to the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn and minister of St. Laurence Jewry. Dr. Wilkins was one of the most ingenious men of his time. He was well skilled in mathematics, and had endeavoured to apply his knowledge to the well-being of society by stimulating men's minds with suggestions of possible mechanical inventions, and of future conquests of nature. He had written in his youth one book to show that the earth is a planet, another (in 1638) to argue that the moon is an inhabited world, and to suggest that intercourse between inhabitants of the earth and the moon is among the future possibilities of life. Into speculations of this kind he entered with manifest enjoyment, pouring out good and bad or half humorous suggestions and arguments together. For instance, when he had finished his argument upon the conceivable possibility of a man's getting to the moon, he added this :

Having thus finished this discourse, I chanced upon a late fancy to this purpose, under the feigned name of Domingo Gonsales, written by a late reverend and learned bishop: in which (besides sundry particulars wherein this latter chapter did unwittingly agree with it) there is delivered a very pleasant and well-contrived fancy concerning a voyage to this other world.

He supposeth that there is a natural and usual passage for many creatures betwixt our earth and this planet. Thus he says, those great multitudes of locusts, wherewith divers countries have been destroyed, do proceed from thence. And if we peruse the authors who treat of them, we shall find that many times they fly in numberiem trope, or swarm and for wundry days together before they fall, are seen wer those place in great high Gonde such as coming nearer, are of extension enough to obscure the day, and hinder the light of the sun. From which, together with divers other sch relations, he concludes that is not altogether ingesbaue they should proceed from the moon. Thus Ekewise he supposeth the swallows, cuckoos, nightingales, with divers other fowl, which are with us only half the year, to my thither, when they go from us. Amongst which kind, there is a wild-swan in the East Indies, which at certain seasons of the year do constantly take their flight thither. Now this bird being of great strength, able to continue for a long flight, as also going usually in flocks, like our wild-geese; he supposeth that many of them together might be taught to carry the weight of a man; especially if an engine were so contrived (as he thinks it might, that each of them should bear an equal share in the burden. So that by this means 'tis easily conceivable, how once every year a man might finish such a voyage; going along with these birds at the beginning of winter, and again returning with them at the spring.

is celebrated by many authors. Walchius affirms it to be of so great a swiftness for its motion, and yet of so great a tapety for its burden: "Ut in medio freto secundis ventis собная паves, velocitate multis parasangis post se relinquat, et peacaron burarum spatio, viginti aut triginta maria Germanica continuo carsu emetiatur, concreditosque stpass vectores sex ant decem, in petitum locum transferat, faci fins ad clavum qui sedet nutu, quaqua versace velis commissum, mirabile hoc ontinenti caras navigium dirigentis." That it did far exceed the speed of any ship, though we should suppose it to be carried in the open sea with never so prosperous wind: and that in some few hours' space it would convey six or seven persons, twenty or thirty German miles, and all this with very little labour of him that sitteth at the stern, who may easily guide the course of it as he pleaseth.

That eminent inquisitive man Peireskius, having travelled to Sceveling for the sight and experience of this chariot, would frequently after with much wonder mention the extreme swiftness of its motion. 3" Commemorare solebat stuporem quo correptus fuerat cum vento translatus citatissimo non persentiscere tamen, nempe tam citus erat

Another of Dr. Wilkins's books is a series of amusing exercises in what he calls Mixed Mathematics, first printed while he was at Oxford, and republished in 1680. He entitled it "Mathematical Magick," or the wonders that may be performed by mechanical geometry. Its first part, called "Archimedes," illustrates powers of the lever, wheel, pulley, wedge, and screw, and one chapter in it is said in its title to be "concerning the infinite strength of wheels, pulleys, and screws; that it is possible by the multitude of these, to pull up any oak by the roots with a hair, lift it up with a straw, or blow it up with one's breath; or to perform the greatest labour with the least power." The second part, called "Dædalus," abounds in suggestion of mechanical motions. Here are two:

Of a Sailing Chariot, that may without Horses be driven on the Land by the Wind, as Ships are on the Sea.

The force of wind in the motion of sails may be applied also to the driving of a chariot, by which a man may sail on the land, as well as by a ship on the water. The labour of horses or other beasts, which are usually applied to this purpose, being artificially supplied by the strength of winds.

That such chariots are commonly used in the champion plains of China, is frequently affirmed by divers credible authors, Boterus mentions that they have been tried also in Spain, though with what success he doth not specify. But above all other experiments to this purpose, that sailing chariot at Sceveling in Holland, is more eminently remarkable. It was made by the direction of Stephinus, and

"De incremento Urbium," 1. 1. c. 10. (The references are given in the margin of his book by Dr. Wilkins.)

and strong, yet to passengers in this chariot it would not be at all discernible, because they did go with an equal swiftness to the wind itself: men that ran before it seeming to go backwards, things which seem at a great distance being presently overtaken and left behind. In two hours' space it would pass from Sceveling to Putten, which are distant from one another above fourteen horaria milliaria, (saith the same author,, that is, more than two and forty miles.

Grotius is very copious and elegant in the celebration of this invention, and the author of it in divers epigrams. "Ventivolam Tiphys deduxit in æquora navim, Jupiter in stellas, æthereamque domum. In terrestre solum virtus Stevnia, nam nec Tiphy tuum fuerat, nec Jovis istud opus." *

And in another place

"Imposuit plaustro vectantem carbasa malum
An potius navi subdidit ille rotas?
-Scandit aquas navis, currus ruit aëre prono,
Et merito dicas, hic volat, illa natat." S

These relations did at the first seem unto me, (and perhaps they will so to others) somewhat strange and incredible. But upon farther enquiry, I have heard them frequently attested from the particular eyesight and experience of such eminent persons, whose names I dare not cite in a business of this nature, which in those parts is so very common and little observed.

I have not met with any author who doth treat particularly concerning the manner of framing this chariot, though

2 "Fabularum Decas," Fab. 9.

3 "Pet. Gassendus vita Peireskii," 1. 2.

"Grotii Poemata," Ep. 19. This quotation and the next are from the second book of Epigrams in the collected poems of Grotins, the book consisting entirely of twenty-two epigrams on the sailing chariot made for Prince Maurice of Nassau, Captain-General of the Unite States of Holland, by Simon Stevin of Bruges, who had been h teacher in mathematics, and who was made by him superintendent the dykes. He died in 1635, and was the inventor of the sulin chariots, used afterwards for some time upon the Dutch plains an frozen canals. This epigram says: Tiphys brought down the sailin ship into the seas, Jove placed it in the skies, Stevin on earth; the was not your work, Tiphys, nor Jove's.

5 Ep. 5. Here two lines at the close of the epigram are added two from the middle: Did he put on a chariot a mast bearing sa or add wheels to a ship? The ship climbs the water, the chariot ru swiftly with air, and you may rightly say this flies, that swims,

A SAILING CHARIOT.

four wheels of an equal bigness, with two sails like those in a ship; there being some contrivance to turn and steer it, by moving a rudder which is placed beyond the two hindmost wheels; and for the stopping of it, this must be done, either by letting down the sail, or turning it from the wind.

Of this kind they have frequently in Holland other little vessels for one or two persons to go upon the ice, having sledges instead of wheels, being driven with a sail; the bodies of them like little boats, that if the ice should break, they might yet safely carry a man upon the water, where the sail would be still useful for the motion of it.

I have often thought that it would be worth the experiment to enquire, whether or no such a sailing chariot might not be more conveniently framed with moveable sails, whose force may be impressed from their motion, equivalent to those in a wind-mill. Their foremost wheels (as in other chariots) for the greater facility, being somewhat lower than the other, answerable to this figure.

In which the sails are so contrived, that the wind from any coast will have a force upon them to turn them about; and the motion of these sails must needs turn the wheels, and consequently carry on the chariot itself to any place (though fully against the wind) whither it shall be directed.

The chief doubt will be, whether in such a contrivance, every little ruggedness or unevenness of the ground, will not

A CHARIOT ON THE WINDMILL PRINCIPLE.

delightful, or better husbandry, than to make use of the wind (which costs nothing, and eats nothing) instead of horses? This being very easy to be effected by those, the convenience of whose habitations doth accommodate them for such experiments.

Concerning the Possibility of Framing an Ark for Submarine Navigations. The Difficulties and Conveniences of such a Contrivance.

It will not be altogether impertinent unto the discourse of these gradient Automata, to mention what Mersennus doth so largely and pleasantly descant upon, concerning the making of a ship, wherein men may safely swim under the water.

That such a contrivance is feasible, and may be effected, is beyond all question, because it hath been already experimented here in England by Cornelius Drebel; 3 but how to improve it unto public use and advantage, so as to be serviceable for remote voyages, the carrying of any considerable number of men, with provisions and commodities, would be of such excellent use, as may deserve some further enquiry.

2 "Tract. de Magnetis Proprietatibus."

3 Cornelius van Drebbel, born at Alcmaer, in 1572, died in London 1634. He improved telescopes and microscopes, invented a thermometer, speculated on the possibility of producing rain and cold by machines. He is said to have invented scarlet dyeing, and given the secret to his daughter, whose husband, Cuffler, first practised the art. that many times they fly in nur and for sundry days together bere those places in great high clond of extension enough to obscure ti of the sun. From which, to relations, he concludes that they should proceed from supposeth the swallows. other fowl, which are with thither, when they go fro.

is a wild-swan in the F

the year do constantly t
bird being of great
flight, as also goim
he supposeth that r
to carry the weigh
so contrived (a)
should bear an
means 'tis easily
might finish

at the beginn
at the spring.

And here,

sixty respirations, betwixt every one of which there be ten second minutes, and consequently a great change and supply of air will be necessary for many persons, and any long space.

And so likewise for the keeping of fire; a close vessel containing ten cubical feet of air, will not suffer a wax candle of an ounce to burn in it above an hour before it be suffocated; though this proportion (saith Mersennus) doth not equally increase for several lights, because four flames of an equal magnitude will be kept alive the space of sixteen second minutes, though one of these flames alone in the same vessel will not last above thirty-five, or at most thirty seconds; which may be easily tried in large glass bottles, having wax candles lighted in them, and with their mouths inverted in water.

For the resolution of this difficulty, though I will not say, that a man may, by custom (which in other things doth produce such strange incredible effects) be enabled to live in the open water, as the fishes do, the inspiration and expiration of water serving instead of air, this being usual with many fishes that have lungs; yet it is certain, that long use and custom may strengthen men against many such inconveniences of this kind, which to unexperienced persons may prove very hazardous: and so it will not perhaps be unto these so necessary, to have the air for breathing so pure and defecated, as is required for others.

But further, there are in this case these three things considerable.

1. That the vessel itself should be of a large capacity, that as the air in it is corrupted in one part, so it may be purified and renewed in the other; or if the mere refrigeration of the air would fit it for breathing, this might be somewhat helped with bellows, which would cool it by motion.

2. It is not altogether improbable, that the lamps or fires in the middle of it, like the reflected beams in the first region, rarefying the air, and the circumambient coldness towards the sides of the vessel, like the second region, cooling and condensing of it, would make such a vicissitude and change of air, as might fit it for all its proper uses.

3. Or if neither of these conjectures will help, yet Mersennus2 tells us in another place, that there is in France one Barrieus a diver, who hath lately found out another art, whereby a man might easily continue under water for six hours together; and whereas ten cubical feet of air will not

1 Urinator, Latin, from "urinari," to plunge under water. diver. The word was used also by John Ray, a famous botanist who was contemporary with John Wilkins. "Harmon.," 1. 4., prop. 6., Monit. 5.

erve another diver to breathe in for half an hour, he by the lp of a cavity, not above one or two foot at most, will have Treath (nough for six hours, and a lanthorn scarce above the uspal size to keep a candle burning as long as a man please, which (if it be true, and were commonly known) might be a sufficient help against this greatest difficulty.

As for the many advantages and conveniences of such a contrivance, it is not easy to recite them.

1. 'Tis private; a man may thus go to any coast of the world invisibly, without being discovered or prevented in his journey.

2. "Tis safe; from the uncertainty of tides, and the violence of tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From pirates and robbers which do so infest other voyages: from ice and great frosts, which do so much endanger the passages towards the poles.

3. It may be of very great advantage against a navy of enemies, who by this means may be undermined in the water, and blown up.

4. It may be of special use for the relief of any place that is besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water.

5. It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiments and discoveries; as, the several proportions of swiftness betwixt the ascent of a bladder, cork, or any other light substance, in comparison to the descent of stones or lead. The deep caverns, and subterraneous passages, where the seawater, in the course of its circulation, doth vent itself into other places, and the like. The nature and kinds of fishes, the several arts of catching them, by alluring them with lights, by placing divers nets about the sides of this vessel, shooting the greater sort of them with guns, which may be put out of the ship by the help of such bags as were mentioned before, with divers the like artifices and treacheries, which may be more successfully practised by such who live so familiarly together. These fish may serve not only for food, but for fuel likewise, in respect of that oil which may be extracted from them; the way of dressing meat by lamps, being in many respects the most convenient for such a voyage.

The many fresh springs that may probably be met with in the bottom of the sea, will serve for the supply of drink, and other occasions.

But above all, the discovery of submarine treasures is more especially considerable; not only in regard of what hath been drowned by wrecks, but the several precious things that grow there; as pearl, coral, mines; with innumerable other things of great value, which may be much more easily found out, and fetched up by the help of this, than by any other usual way of the urinators.

To which purpose, this great vessel may have some lesser cabins tied about it, at various distances; wherein several persons, as scouts, may be lodged for the taking of observations, according as the admiral shall direct them; some of them being frequently sent up to the surface of the water, as there shall be occasion.

All kinds of arts and manufactures may be exercised in this vessel. The observations made by it, may be both written, and (if need were) printed here likewise. Several colonies may thus inhabit, having their children born, and bred up without the knowledge of land, who could not choose but be amazed with strange conceits upon the discovery of this upper world.

I am not able to judge what other advantages there may be suggested, or whether experiment would fully answer to these notional conjectures. But, however, because the inven

tion did unto me seem ingenious and new, being not impertinent to the present enquiry, therefore I thought it might be worth the mentioning.

Dr. Wilkins's house was a museum of curiosities, and his foremost place among scientific inquirers caused him to be a member of the first Council of the Royal Society, a society which Cowley honoured

as

So virtuous and so noble a design,

So human for its use, for knowledge so divine

which was incorporated by letters patent, dated the 22nd of April, 1663. It was founded, as its letters patent said, to advance "philosophical studies, especially those which endeavour by solid experiments either to reform or improve philosophy." Soon afterwards Dr. Wilkins became Dean of Ripon, and in November, 1668, he was consecrated Bishop of Chester. That was four years before his death.

It was in April, 1668, that Robert Boyle left Oxford for London. Among his Oxford friends, besides Dr. Wilkins, had been Dr. John Wallis and Dr. Seth Ward, the Savilian Professors of Geometry and Astronomy; Christopher Wren, then a Fellow of All Souls; and other men of science, among whom Boyle worked in his own way. He invented the air-pump at this time. The first conception of the air-pump is to be ascribed to Otto Guericke, a magistrate of Magdeburg, who constructed a rude machine about the year 1654, and showed experiments. Robert Boyle was at work in the same direction a little later. He had in his house as an assistant an ingenious man, Robert Hooke, who had been recommended to him by Dr. Thomas Willis, the physician. In 1658 or 1659 Hooke perfected Boyle's instrument, and produced an air-pump far surpassing the machine of Otto Guericke. Robert Hooke was made first Curator of Experiments to the Royal Society, and in 1664 its Professor of Mechanics.

Robert Boyle, born in 1626, the year of Bacon's death, was the fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, who, with convenient opportunities, had gained large estates and an Earldom by taking advantage of the political condition of Ireland. In 1643, when the Earl died, Robert was a youth of seventeen, who had been educated at Eton and Geneva. With estate enough bequeathed to him, he followed the bent of his mind, and joined a deep religious feeling to a keen study of nature by way of experiment. Boyle published many little books that set forth the results of his inquiries or maintained the union of science with religion. He never named God without a reverent pause; refused to take orders with assurance of high church promotion; declined also the Presidency of the Royal Society because, although a Churchman, he would not be bound by test and oaths on taking office. He declined the Provostship of Eton, and several times refused a peerage. He remained unmarried until his death, in 1691, his elder sister, Lady Ranelagh, being his lifelong friend and housekeeper. He survived her only a week.

In 1665 Boyle published some "Occasional Re