Rest in, at; (to depend) on, upon. Soar above.

b. In the foregoing List, those prepositions which are of the most frequent use, are placed the first after the word, and those which are less frequent, the second, and so on. In all difficult cases, examples are given by way of illustration.

c. Several of these words take other prepositions after them to express different significations; thus, Fall in, signifies to concur; fall out, to happen; fall upon, to

attack. In examples of this kind, the sense alone must determine which preposition must be employed.

d. By, generally refers to the primary agent or person,—with, to the secondary agent, instrument, or accompanying cause; thus, " Goliah was killed by David with a stone." Here, David was the cause, and stone the instrument. "He walks with a staff by moonlight."

e. Prepositions must never be annexed to those words which do not properly admit them; thus, "These laws distress upon the people," should be," These laws distress the people."

N.B. In hearing the foregoing List repeated, the teacher should mention each word, and require the pupil to give the proper preposition.

430. Before the names of places; to is used after a verb of motion; as, 66 He went to Bristol."

66

Into also follows verbs of motion; as, I go into the house,"

In is used after a verb of rest before the names of countries, cities, streets; as, "He lives in France ;" "in London ;"" in Rockingham-Street;" "I am in my room."

66

At is used after the verbs to touch, arrive, land; as, "We touched, arrived, landed, at Portsmouth.”

On is used before the place we land on; as, " He arrived on shore."

At is also used before the names of villages, single houses, towns, and foreign cities; as, "He resides ut Headingley;" at Harewood house;" "at No. 8, Rockingham-Street;"" at Leeds;" "at Paris."

Between is applied to two things; as, "Between the two:"-among and amidst, to more than two; as, "Among the three."

431. Prepositions must not be used as adverbs; thus, "They went before us," is sometimes improperly used for, They went before we went."

66

"They went before us," implies, in front of us; "They went before we went," implies priority of time.

RULE 19. CONJUNCTIONS.

LESSONS 71, 72.

432. a. Conjunctions connect, in the same mood and tense, two or more verbs which are similarly situated with respect to time and circumstance; as, "He spake and it was done."

b. Conjunctions also connect, in the same case, two or more nouns and pronouns which are similarly circumstanced; as, "Arms, and the man I sing;" "He and I were present."

c. Besides nouns, pronouns, and verbs, conjunctions connect adverbs and adjectives: as, "We are fearfully and wonderfully formed;" "He is wise and virtuous."

d. As frequently unites words that are in apposition; as, “He offered himself as umpire."

433. a. Care must be had in the proper application of the conjunctions, according to their import and relation with the other parts of the sentence.

b. Addition, under its various modifications, is expressed by and, both, also. The word and denotes simply addition; as, Thomas and John." To prepare the mind, as it were, for the introduction of a second subject, it is usual to prefix the word both to the first subject; thus," Both Thomas-and-John."

c. Opposition, diversity, and separation, negation, doubt, and condition, are denoted by either. or; neither, nor; whether, but; although, though, yet, nevertheless, notwithstanding; lest. The simple disjunction may be expressed by one word, or; as, "Thomas or John:" that is, one of them, but not both. The introduction of the word either before the first subject prepares the mind for an exception or separation; as, "Either Thomas or John." In a similar manner the word neither prepares the mind for a negation; as, "Neither Thomas nor John."

d. The cause is denoted by Because, for, since.

e. Purpose is denoted by - In order that.

f. Comparison expressed by -Than.

g. Condition by — Except, if, unless, provided. h. Inference by - Then, therefore, wherefore. i. Equality by - As, as well as, so.

434. a. Two words of the same part of speech, when either addition or separation is intended, generally require a conjunction between them; as, "Time and Tide;" "John or Joseph ;" "To be good and virtuous."

b. Three or more words of the same part of speech require a conjunction before the last; as, "Honour, hope, and goodness." In a disjunctive sentence, the words either, neither, are generally placed before the first word, and or, nor, before the last; "Neither truth, honour, nor discretion was exhibited."

c. When emphasis is intended, the conjunction is repeated before each; as, "Truth, and honour, and ability, have been sacrificed."

d. In ordinary composition, the frequent recurrence of the same conjunction in the connection of the several clauses and members, is to be avoided; and also the introduction of several conjunctions in the same clause when their insertion is not absolutely necessary. "But and if that evil servant say," should be, "But if that servant," &c.

e. Two or more conjunctions may be considered necessary, and allowed to follow one another, when one of them serves to connect the sentence with what precedes, and the other to connect one clause in the sentence with another clause; as, “I go to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again." Here, and connects the sentences; if, the clauses.

435. a. Except (the prep.) is used before a noun or pronoun; unless (the conj.) before a verb; as

present except John." He will be rejected unless he be diligent."

b. The word without must not be employed for unless; thus, "Without he study, he cannot succeed," should be," Unless he study, he cannot succeed."

c. Except is preferable to the phrases other than, and all but; thus, instead of saying, "He allowed no other application than by letter; it would be better to say, "He allowed no application except by letter;" "They were diligent all but Thomas, should be, "except Thomas."

66

436. a. If the verbs are in different moods and tenses, the nominative is generally repeated, when the verbs are connected by a copulative conjunction; as, I know it, and I can prove it." But the nominative is always repeated, when the verbs are separated by a disjunctive conjunction, or when the sentence is interrogative or emphatical; as, "He continues his studies, though he has met with many difficulties;" "Do you say so, and can you prove it?" "He has formed us, and He will preserve

us.

b. Also, in a transition from the affirmative to the negative form, or from the negative to the affirmative, the nominative is generally repeated; as, "He is happy, though he is not rich;" "He is not happy, though he is rich."

437. a. After verbs of doubting, fearing, and denying, the word that is preferable to lest and but; as, “You do not doubt that he is honest ;" that is, "You do not doubt that thing, namely, he is honest, or, his honesty."

b. "They feared that they would not return," is much better than, "They feared lest they would not return.' To say, "I doubt not but that he will fulfil his promise," implies, that I doubt nothing except one thing, namely, that he will fulfil his promise; yet this is the very thing not doubted. Remove the but, and the sense is correctly conveyed. But is sometimes used for only; as, "Born but to die," born only to die.

438. a. Care must be taken that the conjunctions are neither improperly omitted, nor indiscriminately used the one for the other.

b. That should not be improperly omitted; as, "We were desirous that you should return," is better than, " desirous you should return."-If must not be used for whether; thus, "See if it rains," should be, "See whether it rains or not.”—As, connected with the adjective such, is used as a relative; as, Let such as give advice be upright. As and because must not be unnecessarily introduced; thus. "The books were to have been sold as on this day;" cancel as.-And must not be employed for or after the word without; thus, "The house was built without brick and stone," should be, without brick or stone." To say, "built without brick and stone," implies, that though both these materials might not have been used, yet one of them might; but to say, "without brick or stone," excludes both.

439. a. Some 1. adjectives, 2. adverbs, and 3. conjunctions, require to be followed by words corresponding with them in sense.

1. ADJECTIVES:Other, having an adjective prefixed, requires than; as,.

All comparatives require than; as,

"Were it any other than he, I would consent.'

"He is greater than I."