66 a a 6 him out of the apartment.” His devils were/Saale, or perish in any other way. There is One who. learned; they were great doctors in divinity; takes care of me, better than thou and the angels could and if they had not passed through their acade- ever do! He is at the right-hand of the Father Almighty. mical degrees, they were profound enough, for Be comforted, therefore-Amen! they had exercised their calling near six thou- To-day I intended to set out, in irâ meâ ; but the mis. sand years. Deeply does he bemoan their ability fortune impending over my native place has prevented me.* in controversy,—their boundless knowledge of Wouldst thou think it? I am becoine a lawyer.t Yet this Scripture, their skill in dialectics, their logical will avail little; they had better leave me to my divinity: acuteness. Sometimes, he says, they pressed the pride of this profession requires humbling; they speak him so closely within the horns of a dilemma, and act as if they were gods, but they will end, I fear, in that the perspiration issued abundantly from devils, if they go on at this rate. Lucifer fell through him. pride. Show this letter to Philip. I have not leisure te write a second letter.” (Feb. 7th, 1546.) « • The Law,' said a devil to him one day, “is as much the word of God as anything else; why then dost thou 76 my swett, dear wife, Catherine Luther de Bora— always oppose it to the Gospel ?" "Yes!' I reply; but the Grace and peace in the Lord ! Law is as much below the Gospel, as earth is below heaven!' * Dear Catherine, -We expect, please God, to return The devil is, above all, anxious to draw from my heart the home this week. He has shown in this affair the power article respecting the remission of sins, (resulting from his of his grace; the gentlemen have agreed upon all points doctrine of justification by faith.) Thou teachest that (two or three excepted); among others, on the reconciliawhich has been utterly unknown in former ages! Suppose, tion of the two brothers, Counts Gebbard and Albreche. now, that it should prove in the end displeasing to God!'"|To-day I dine with them, and I will endeavour to make “During the night, when I happen to lie awake, the them what brothers should be. They have written against devil comes, disputes, and fills me with strange thoughts, each other with much acrimony, and have not exchanged until I grow angry, and tell him to This ver; a word during the conferences. In other respects, our morning, on my awaking, the devil came and said, “Thou young lords are full of pleasure : they ride with the ladies, art a sinner!' I replied, “Tell me something new, devil! and make the bridles of their horses jingle. God has heard I have known that long! •What hast thou done with the our prayers. cloisters?' •What is that to thee, devil! enough after all " I send thee some trout, a present from the Countess AL are left for thy worship ” Sometimes, when he comes at brecht, who is delighted at the restoration of peace in her night to tempt me, I say— Devil, I must sleep; tor God family. The news of the day is, that the Emperor is aphas commanded us to labour by day, and sleep by night.' proaching Westphalia, and that the French King, like the If he calls me a sinner, to spite him, I say to him, 'Sancte Landgrave, is calling out the militia. Let such news be Satan, ora pro me!' and sometimes, · Physician, cure ihy- spread or invented as it may, we shall soon know what self!! " God wills. I commend thee to his protection.” (14th Feb. No apology will, we are sure, be required from 1546.) us, for extracting so freely from the letters and The death-bed of this extraordinary man will conversation of Luther. They show us the ana probably be the most interesting scene to the tomy of his mind—its hopes, its fears, its strug. reflecting reader. The relation is extracted from gles, its temptations. They give us the man, the Christian, the head of a religion. To minds ca eye-witnesses:pable of reflection they speak volumes; to minds “ Luther reached Eisleben on the 28th of January, and, incapable of it, volumes would be addressed in though in bad health, he assisted at the conferences up to vain. But we must hasten alike to the close of February 17th. During that time he preached four times, his life and of the present subject. and revised the ecclesiastical regulation for the principality The last act of Luther was honorable to his of Mansfeld. On the 17th (February) he was so unwell character: it was a journey undertaken amidst that the Counts besought him not to venture out. At supmuch bodily infirmity, to Eisleben, to reconcile per he dwelt on his approaching death : some one asked his natural lords, the Counts of Mansfeldt. In him if in a future state we should recognize one another ; that benevolent object he succeeded. We give he replied, that he thought so. Having entered his chamtwo letters to his wife; the one written ten days, ber with Martin Cælius, and his two sons, he approached the other three only before his death. They will the window, and remained a considerable time in prayer. be valued as the last acts of one whose heart had He said to Aurifaber, who had just arrived, 'I am very ceased to be with this world, yet who bore the feeble, and my pains increase!' Medicine was given to strongest affection to his family. him, and attempts were made to warm him by the friction of the hands. As he laid himself down on the bed, he To the gracious Dame Catherine Luther, my beloved wife, spoke a few words to Count Albrecht, who had also arriv. who torments herself without reason—Grace and peaceed, and added, "If I could doze half an hour, I think it in the Lord! would relieve me.' He did sleep, and awoke in about an " Dear Catherine, — Thou shouldst read St. John, and hour and a half, near eleven o'clock. Seeing that all pre.. also what the Catechismi says of the confidence which we should have in God. Thou troublest thyself as if God were * When this letter was written, he had not been able to not All.powerful, and as if he could not produce Dr. Mar. reconcile the two Counts. tins by dozens, if the old one should be drowned in the + The law--common, civil, or Germanic—was always the abhorrence of Luther. As he knew nothing of the Any knife.grinder or tinker in the street may hit on science, his plain, honest, good sense was indignant at the the phrase which we dare not translate. The coarser the chicanery evinced by the lawyers in regard to the dispute: guess, the nearer to the truth. between the two nobles. VOL. XXIX, SEPTEMBER, 1836-58. ment. sent still remained by his side, he said, "What! are you the pretensions of the latter to establish t. here yet? Why do ye not retire to rest ?' He resumed Phrenological Philosophy of Mind and Morais, kes his prayer, crying with fervour, In manus tuas commendo the first time, in a University chair. We til spirituin meum! redemisti me, Domine, Deus veritatis ! this question an important one; for the days Atterwards, turning to all present, he said, Pray, my an ignorant ridicule of Phrenology, and of does friends, for the Gospel of our Lord,—that his kingdom matic prejudice against it, as leading to “natemay be enlarged! Verily the Council of Trent and the rialism,” and what not, are by the con mon cois Pope threaten to injure it!' Having slept another hour, sent of thinking nen, gone by. Mr. (ONE Dr. Jonas asked him how lie felt. "My God,' was the rightly considering the patrons of the chair (lite reply, 'I am very ill! I think, my dear Jonas, I must Town-Council), whatever may be their private remain at Eisleben, where I was born. However, he opinions, as placing no Professor in their Univers walked a little about the chamber, laid down on the bed, sity on their own judgement of the truths of his and was covered with cushions. Two physicians, with philosophy, but as being determined by the Count Albrecht and his wife, next entered, and Luther evidence of trustworthy authorities, has laid be. said to them, • I am dying! I remain here at Eisleben!'fore them a whole volume of Testin:onials, pie Dr. Jonas having expressed a hope that perspiration would faced by a very philosophical and sensibie letter relieve him, he replied, “No, dear Jonas; it is a cold, dry from himself. At his own request, the evidence sweat, and iny pain increases.' He then betook himself to is directed more in favour of his science tian prayer: O my Father! God of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of his own qualifications. Indeed, ail will agree, source of all consolation! I thank thee for that thou hast that if this science shall be installed in the l'niver. revealed to me thy well-beloved Son, in whom I believe, sity, it must be so in the person of its mozi celo whom I have acknowledged and preached, whom I have ebrated teacher, George COMBE. The number, loved and celebrated, whom the Pope and the wicked and, what is more, the weight of the certificates, persecute! To thee, Lord Jesus Christ, I commend my have in our degree of belief of the progress of soul! I leave this earthly body; I am borne away from the science, much surprised us, and would stag. this life; but I know that I shall live eternally with thee!'ger the most sceptical. He repealed three times : In munus tuas commendo spiri. The testimonialists, sixty in number, are tum meam : redemisti me, Domine veritatis ! Suddenly he of various countries,-for fifteen are eminent shut his eyes, and became insensible: Count Albrecht and Frenchmen, some are Danish, others American; his lady assisted the physicians; all laboured to restore they are of various walks in science, religion, him, and, with great difficulty, they succeeded for a mo- literature, and life; many of them are the well. * Reverend Father,' said Dr. Jonas, do you stead. known heads and officers of philosophical insti. fastly die in the faith which you have taught?" "YES!' tutions, and teachers of the great schools of o.edi. was the distinct reply, and he fell asleep. Immediately cine and general science, throughout Furope; arterwards he grew pale, became cold, breathed deeply, and and some of them Members of Parliament. expired." Among them are the present philosophical and We need not comment on the preceding chief authority on Logic, as a writer upon it; high-minded Archbishop of Dublin, himself the pages. We think, however, that from the perusal of the whole life and conduct, the writings and the medical student. Such men, and all of them, and Andral, one of the most eminent guides of conversation of Luther, the following inferences declared it to be their deliberate opinion, on may be drawn:That he was sincere alike in what he wrote true science of mind and analysis of the hun.an long and patient study, that Phrenology is the and what he did. That though sincere, he was faculties; and many of them, that it is the only also frequently erroneous in his opinions, some discovered physiology of the brain, for which of which were rash, unfounded, and dangerous. That his mind was unusually strong, and his organs no certain use was previously known. learning considerable; but that he had great The testimonials are classed as they support weaknesses, and was grossly superstitious. That one or other or both of these claims, and yet in many of his writings he suffered feeling to more particulary, as they bear testimony to ite value of the science in different departments of triumph over judgment; and that his violence, until he was advanced in years, exceeded all human affairs,-as Education, Criminal Legis. justification. That he was generous, open-heart lation, and Insanity. On these three, the au. ed, and disinterested ; and that, on the whole, thority of practical men is very strong. It canwhatever his errors or his faults, he was a wise not be said, according to the Baconian test, that and good man. Phrenology, like the other systems of mental philosophy, “is false because it is barren.” We recommend the volume (published at Longmax's) to the persual of our readers and the scientific From the Spectator. world, as a very singular document. We wish THE EDINGBURGH LOGIC CHAIR AND we had room to extract a fair portion of it; ve MR. COMBE THE PHRENOLOGIST. can only afford a few bits. FROM THE ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN. Dublin, Ith April 1-5 ting much interest, beyond its own locality. The “ Dear Sir-I have no hesitation in repeating what I chief candidates are Sir William HAMILTON and have often said before, that I have derived both entertain Mr. GEORGE COMBE; and the interest arises from ment and instruction from the persual of your works is EXTRAORDINARY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. а some points I differ from you, and in several others I re- never consisted of any but a few learned persons, the new main in doubt; but much that you have said I consider as may be considered as tending, without the sanction of the highly valuable. learned, to embrace the great body of the people. Its pro“ The anatomical physiological portion of Phrenology-gress would, in my opinion, have been much greater, if its what I believe you call Organology-demands more atten- pretensions as a means of discovering character from exter. tion than I have had leisure to bestow, to enable a cautious nal signs had not been ignorantly confounded with those inquirer to make up his mind upon it. But I am convinced, of the false sciences of the middle ages. Were the ineta. that even if all connexion of the brain with mind were re- physics presented alone, this obstacle would be in a great garded not merely as doubtful, but as a perfect chimera, ineasure overcome.” still the treatises of many phrenological writers, and espe. cially yours, would be of great value, from their employ- FROM DR. JAMES JOHNSON, PHYSICIAN ing a metaphysical nomenclature far more logical, accurate THE KING, &c. and convenient, than Locke, Stewart, and other writers of “ I have been loog acquainted with the writings of Mr their schools. Combe, and have considered them as exhibiting the most “That the religious and moral objections against the rational and enlightened views of the human mind, as rephrenological theory are utterly futile, I have from the first vealed through the organ of Mind, in this our sublunary been fully convinced. state of existence. " That clever article in the Edinburgh Review* to which you replied, I consider you as having completely and de. FROM MR. NICHOL, PROFESSOR OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY IN cisively refuted. Your answer did not indeed establish the truth of your theory, nor appeared to have such a design; " Mr. Combe's success as a teacher is demonstrated; for əwu in repelling those particular objections against it you he has during a succession of years fixed the attention of ibt e triumphant. : Believe me to be, with much respect, your faithful large audiences on disquisitions from which, however imhnmble servant, portant and necessary to be thought of and understood “RICHARD DUBLIN. the public had by common consent been formerly debarrea. “To George Combe, Esq." His power consists partly in the simplicity and effective ness of his language; partly in his possession of a compreFROM DR. EVANSON, PROFESSOR OF THE PRACTICE OF PHYSIC, IN hensive intellect, which enables him to arrange details, and THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, IRELAND. subordinate them to principle; but chiefly, perhaps, in the “ I conceive that a knowledge of Phrenology, as the true manifestation of those moral qualities which impelled him science of mind, must not only be highly conducive to the to assume the position he has occupied.” successful teaching of a logic class, but I do not think FROM THE HON. D G. JIALLYBURTON, M. P. FOR FORFARSHIRE. that metaphysical science can be adequately taught, as it “If Mr. Combe shall be the fortunate choice of a mais now understood, without such knowledge ; and, there. fore, consider that no greater improvement could be made jority of the patrons, they may not, it is true, just at in academic education, than the introduction of the new present be cheered on by the unanimous voice of popular philosophy of mind.” opinion,—the new doctrine not having yet the sanction of fashionable acquiescence; but I would respetfully beg leave FROM MR. MACLAREN, EDITOR OF THE SCOTSMAN.” to ask your Lordship, whether the Newtonian philosophy, Phrenology, in my opinion, is chiefly valuable when latter part of the seventeenth cetnury, when it was carped for example, was less true, or less important, towards the regarded as a system of mental philosophy. Even though I had no faith in its Organology, I should still hold that it at and oppugned by many a mathematician and self-styled possesses the following advantages : 1st, That it exhibits a philosopher in Europe, than it was some thirty or forty more scientific and consistent classification of the human years later, when enthroned with all academical pomp and facultics than any other system of philosophy; 22, That it honours , in Cambridge, its birth-place and its cradle ?" gives a more lucid and satisfactory explanation of those FROM MR. FERGUSON OF RAITH, M. P. varieties of national and individual character which we find in the world; 3d, That it has a more immediate and filled, if the choice was made of yourself , in a way the “This I will say, that I consider the chair would be practical bearing on human conduct and the business of life, on morals, education, and legislation. We have the Human mind, more than by the appointment of any man most conducive to the progress of the Philosophy of the testimony both of the learned and the unlearned to its mer. its in this respect." I know. The important science which you have so suc. “ The professor of Logic must beach some system oferal confidence which it musť ultimately acquire ; but I cessfully followed up, may not yet have obtained that genmental philosophy; and the question for the council is, not whether Phrenology is a perfect system, but whether it is functions of the brain, so ably, so eloquently, and so philo cannot doubt that the Philosophy of Mind, founded on the not preferable to any of the others presently known, which sophically maintained by you, must ere long become the are numerous and discordant." basis of Mental Philosophy, and prove highly conducive FROM MR. ROBERT CHAMBERS, ONE OF THE CONDUCTORS OF 10 the useful teaching of the Logic class. Edinburgh * CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH JOURNAL." will do itself high honour if you are the successful candi date." " Nor is this system of mind so much limited in its ac. ceptance as may be supposed. I have reason to know, The letters from Sir William Ellis, of the that without the Organology, it is making rapid progress Hanwell Lunatic Asylum, Mr. Browne, of the amongst the more thinking portion of the middle and low. Montrose, and some others, are very striking; er ranks; so that, while the elder schools of mental science and not less so are those from persons who have the charge of criminals and of schools Ar i erd *By Lord JKPFREY, in No. 83. ed to the testimonials, there are co oftes çivom rrinters and publishers Nett and Co., binations, the Book of Life is, and must be, va HAMERS ... LUNGMAN, SUMPKIN and Mar- riously read. Who has a right to judge his SHALL INTERserint the mense sale of Mr. brother, and escape being judged himself? Who ne : varmis work.ee :!?rtyright thous-Idares to say to his neighbour, " To me, and not ***** pe verticale stating that the de-'to thy master, thou standest or fallest ? " There man sie uredbe, ku ne interest in me biust be an end of this pharisaical gossiping*11***** oppsportieri mung ke us the peepie tris prvirg into our neighbour's conscience at 21 Suuret 2:10. this eavesdrepping to learn or conjecture his Stres ressereg('us Pheas It is a persecution worse - wir uns As trua ne foriso; which otherwise, the Reforma im In- unas or. y cast off to replace,-although the Cuss vine Reformation is the right of prirate e se But Mr. COMBE has not to declare " LE!!!. E! ***CERTSITIO the first time from the Logic e 199r. Iseva to the world. Mr. COMBS * 11111111111* user red a religious doctrine. He "11:ifa ime svuse ethics he teaches are coinci**** suveni, 1 vse! 1 ***** Topecret hristianity,-indeed, some • ,. '?". V!!!!! » Mu?, !!! HIS PASTITI ss consider his Constitution of **:- 60: Shapy of Preceptive Christian. ius berer impugned the peculiar *** 1 ov seisous sect. But his philo **EWS t s repüed, tend to certain be-Wrir rutore dangerous. This illogi mierne. this mere twaddle of dog. Szerui in an enlightened age. If they areand they can install U*2 detaise by philosophical facts PASTYS ICO treological persecution, recreaser's establishing, and we PET and sersible man to exdes und Samedi sa s meant bya dargerous truth? were that Jir. Couse's views are - *****rwidoubtless, respect the obeller t. provided it were philosophie seiegically urged; but nothing surd than an attempt to quash Prees, on the sale ground of iezdney to affect treological con Srptural interpretaticos If the Drews are sound. tren let the theoCariatr interpretaticos Since the we have not heard of infallible Tere tan irfa.ble pilosophers. Web by his writirgs and lectures, mare turn theologizm for some time 1 : ceni him as a erringin justice. It ***er, uninstructire. Eat the religious Pires divided a seir opinion of ar Mr Combe's pélcserical views. Sristians hare deared in our :sal, without re least shaking diese views are rendered their Hear and rides We have ukurty. mame letters Mr. *** veszersunsalone, Liempire se sezogical vi Siste in corsertious man, by the LT Tare e opinion of his ray DTET rns because it is geriau pay estin es rakt up to enlight nie and trust that such a ** age of the University's his quarter of the nineteenth cen apvas-whom we know to net ay, and enlightened mera es rence to Mr. Couss's perse cutors either scientific or religious, lose hold of epistolary correspondence, contrasting advantathe noble opportunity, which will be speedily geously with the forced and laboured style of seized by some other seat of science, of anticipa- some of this writer's more formal works. The ting the verdict of posterity, and opening the route of the author was from Paris to Dijon and same gates to the new Philosophy of Mind which Auxonne, and thence across the Jura to Neuhad the immortal honour to be the first to admit châtel and Berne. From that strong hold of the Principia of Newton. Swiss aristocracy, he proceeded thoroughly to explore the land of landscapes; not contenting himself with the usual routes of travellers, but From the Spectator. threading the more rarely-visited mountains and COOPER'S EXCURSIONS IN SWITZER- vallies on foot, till, having exhausted even SwitzLAND. erland,-seen the sources of the Rhine and the Rhone, crossed into Germany, and sailed on The power of describing landscapes with force most or all of the lakes,-he crossed the Simplon, and truth appears to be a qualification so fre- and closed his journey, or at least his narrative, quently possessed, and the number of descrip- at Milan. tive travels already before the public are so Although the book is written expressly to numerous, that Mr. Cooper's Excursions in paint scenes, we shall not choose our extracts Switzerland would have had little value or inte altogether from the descriptions; partly because rest had they depended solely upon sketches of mere description is soon wearisome, partly bescenery, however grand or beautiful, or even cause the book by no means consists of descripupon mere incidents of the journey. Two cir- tions only, and partly because the other passages cumstances, however, suffice to remove his book are more characteristic and readable. The folfrom the class of sketchy tours. In the first lowing, on Continental notions of American place, the writer has imparted to the account of complexions, looks like a skit; but, as Willis his journey something of a narrative interest; tells a story of a similar kind in Italy, we supsecondly, he has himself a peculiar character, pose the fact is true, and is a kind of retribution which gives a dash of freshness to what would for a people who will not worship in the same otherwise be faded. An American, intimately church with a man of colour. familiar with all the beauties of the old World, he looks at Switzerland with a more refined “ Our saloon at the inn was decorated with pictures and instructed eye than that of most travellers; emblematical of different countries. Ore was a belle of whilst he is enabled to commit its landscapes to and pencilled eyebrows; a third, a belle of brown ringlets fair hair and rosy checks; another, a belle of raven locks a comparison which scarcely any of them have the means of making, and thus to bring their and azure orbs. Les Etats Unis were particularized in beauties to a better test, and subject them to a the person of-to use the Southern vernacular-awench' more learned judgment. Besides, having in as black as a coal. common with his countrymen—although, from “ If it were possible to take the sense of the people of his long European residence, in a less degree Europe on the subject, I am persuaded it would be found the faculty of looking at common objects with that nine out of ten believe the Americans are any thing foreign eyes, he has another quality which all of but white. You may remember the account I have given them do not possess. National, perhaps preju- you of our residence on the banks of the Seine, in a small diced to a high degree in favour of his country Louis the Fifteenth. One day, while in the grounds, over country-house, that was once a sort of hunting lodge of in the aggregate, he seems to entertain a supreme contempt for the units of which that looking the gardener, a servant ran to inform me that the aggregate is composed. The deeds which Ame- carriage of "son Excellence' the American minister, had rica has done, the institutions which she has driven into the court. He was told to return, and to say established, are to be received with a reverence I would join son Excellence' in a few minutes. “Monsieur as implicit as a Catholic pays to the dogmas of l'Ambassador,' said honest Pierre, the gardener, .cst in his church: but individual Americans are ano. grand? I told him he stood six feet four inches English in his ther matter-democracy is sacred, but democrats stockings. Pierre had seen him one day on the boulevards at Paris. Curious to know how the minister could have are fair game; Mr. Cooper, like the old Whigs, and dandy politicians of all times, seeming to been recognized, under such circumstances, I delayed paythink, that if he defends popular rights, he may order to inquire. Pierre had taken an interest in America, ing my respects io “son Excellence," another minute, in hit the people as hard as he pleases. In addition to these points of peculiarity, our author is a on account of our relations, and bad learned, in the course bit of a political philosopher, who whiles away inceting a strapping negro on the Boulevards, he jumped of his gossiping, that the minister was 'un grand,' and the tedium of a dull road or a wet day by spinning theories, amusing if not instructive. From to his conclusion. These things sound odd to us, and I all which it follows, that the Excursions in can remember the time when I used to set them down as Switzerland have more characteristics than a travellers' wonders, but, believe me, they are religiously true.” mere “tour in search of the picturesque,”—although, to say the truth, they offer us but little A Frenchman's definition of “ Beau” and “ Pittoresque.” novelty in images or ideas, and the best part of " A solitary pedestrian was toiling his way up the moun. the cream of the journey has already appeared tain, and, leaving the rest of the party, I joined him, and in the landscapes of the Headsman. got into discourse. His · Bon soir, monsieur,' air, accent, The Excursions are written in the form of and "tornure,' though those of an artisan, were all deci. letters; and have the ease and familiarity of dedly French Monsieur comes from Paris ?' after a little |