pork. Maine is finely situated for commerce. It has an extensive sea-coast abounding with good harbors, and the numerous rivers which intersect it afford an easy communication with the interior lis supply of lumber, and of materials for potash, is immense, and its resources in the fisheries are almost inexhaustible. The people are very generally inclined to commercial pursuits, and perhaps no part of the United States suffers so much from restrictions on commerce. In amount of shipping it is the fourth state in the Union. The nearest market for the southwestern section of the state is Portland; for the country on the Kennebeck, Hallowell; for the country on the Penobscot, Bangor. The natural market for the northern half of the state, which is yet unsettled, will be Quebec in Lower Canada, and Frederickton in New-Brunswick.

Islands. The coast abounds with islands and peninsulas. The largest is Mount Desert island on the west side of Frenchman's bay. It is 15 miles long and 12 broad. Deer isle is on the east side of Penobscot bay, about 8 miles S. E. of Castine.

NEW-HAMPSHIRE.

Situation and Extent.] New-Hampshire is bounded N. by Lower Canada; E. by Maine; S. E. by the Atlantic; S. by Massachusetts; and W. by the western bank of Connecticut river, which separates it from Vermont. The eastern boundary is Piscataqua river, and a line drawn N. 2° W. from the source of that river, to the highlands which divide the waters falling into the St. Lawrence from those falling into the Atlantic. The state extends from 42° 41' to 45° 11' N. lat. and from 70° 40′ to 72° 28′ W. Jon. It is 170 miles long from N. to S. and 90 broad at the southern extremity. The area is estimated at 9,491 square miles or 6,074,240 acres.

Divisions.] New-Hampshire is divided into six counties and 204 towns.

Lakes.] Winnipiseogee or Wentworth lake, near the centre of the state, is a beautiful body of water, 22 miles long, and from 3 to 12 miles broad. It contains a number of islands.

The sur

open a water communication between Portsmouth and the centre of the state.

Various routes have been proposed for a navigable communication from the Merrimack to the Connecticut. One plan is to unite Baker's river with the Connecticut; another, to connect the Contoocook with Sunapee lake; and a third, to connect the Contoocook with the Ashuelot.

Chief Towns.] Porthsmouth, the largest town in the state, stands on the south side of Piscataqua river, about two miles from the sea. The harbor is one of the best in the United States. It is landlocked on every side, and perfectly safe, of sufficient depth for the largest vessels at all times of the tide, and, owing to the rapidity of the current, is never frozen. The main entrance is about a mile wide, and is well defended by two forts. There is an island in the inner harbor, opposite the town, on which is a United States navy yard, containing good timber docks, and all the conveniences for building ships of the largest class. Several ships of the line have been built here. Portsmouth has considerable trade. In 1815, it was the ninth town in the United States in amount of shipping, the number of tons being 30,411. The population in 1820 was 7,327.

Concord, the capital of the state, is a flourishing town on the Merrimack, at the head of navigation, and well situated for trade. Much of the produce of the Upper country is brought here, and passes down the Merrimack river and Middlesex canal to Boston. Among the public buildings are a handsome state-house and stateprison, both of stone. Population, in 1820, 2,838.

Dover is 12 miles N. W. of Portsmouth. The village is at the head of the tide on Cocheco river, 4 miles above its junction with the Piscataqua. It has various mills and manufacturing establishments, and daily communication with Portsmouth by a packet. Population, in 1820, 2871. Exeter is pleasantly situated at the head of the tide on Exeter river, a branch of the Piscataqua, 15 miles S. W. of Portsmouth, and about the same distance N. W. of Newburyport in Massachusetts. It has numerous manufacturing establishments. Among the public buildings are a court-house and an academy. Population, in 1820, 2,114.

Amherst is a ttle west of the Merrimack, near the southern boundary of the state, 30 miles south of Concord. Plymouth is on the Merrimack, at the mouth of Baker's river, 43 miles north of Concord. Keene is a pleasant town in the southwestern part of the state on the Ashuelot, 55 miles S. W. of Concord.

The principal towns on Connecticut river are Walpole, 13 miles N. W. of Keene; Charlestown, 12 miles N. of Walpole ; Hanover, the seat of Dartmouth college; Haverhill, 27 miles N. of Hanover; and Bath, adjoining Haverhill, at the head of boat navigation.

Education.] Dartmouth college, at Hanover, was founded in 1769, and received its name from the Earl of Dartmouth, one of its earliest and most generous benefactors. In 1821 it had a pres. ident, 8 professors, including 3 medical professors; 2 tutors; and

230 students, including 65 medical students. It has a good chemical apparatus, a philosophical apparatus, and a valuable anatomical museum. The college library contains about 4,000 volumes, and there are 2 libraries belonging to societies of students, each of which contains nearly 2,000 volumes. The permanent funds of the college yield about $2,000 a year. This, with the tuition, makes an annual income of about $6,000.

Phillips Exeter Academy, at Exeter, was founded by the Hon. John Phillips L. L. D. in 1781. It is one of the oldest and most flourishing academies in New-England. It has funds amounting to about $80,000; a well selected library of 700 volumes, and a handsome philosophical apparatus. Its officers are a principal, a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, and an assistant. The funds are appropriated in part to the support of indigent students.

Union Academy, at Plainfield on Connecticut river, 42 miles N. W. of Concord, was established in 1813. It is handsomely endowed, and is intended for the gratuitous education of indigent young men preparing for the ministry, in the studies preparatory to a collegial course.

Population.] The population in 1790 was 141,885; in 1800, 183,858; in 1810, 214,460; and in 1820, 244,161; having increased 74 per cent. in 30 years. The great mass of the population is in the southern half of the state. North of Winnipiseogee lake there are very few inhabitants, except on Connecticut river.

Religion.] The Baptists and Congregationalists are the prevailing denominations. In 1817 the number of ordained ministers was estimated at 222, of whom 107 were Baptists, 100 Congregationalists, and 15 of other denominations.

Government.] The legislative power is vested in a General court, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 13 members chosen annually by districts. The Representatives are chosen by the different towns; each town having 150 rateable polls sends one Representative, and every addition of 300 polls entitles it to another. The executive pow er is vested in a Governor, who is chosen annually by general ballot, and a council consisting of 5 members.

Manufactures.] Few countries in the world are better furnished with mill-streams, and mill-seats, than New-Hampshire, and manufactories have increased very rapidly within a few years. There are now more than 30 cotton and woollen factories, many of them on an extensive scale. A glass manufactory has been recently established at Keene, and there are two establishments for the manufacture of iron at Franconia, on a branch of the Lower Ammonoosuck, 14 miles N. E. of Haverhill. The mine from which the iron is obtained is considered the richest in the United States, and is said to be inexhaustible, and there is a large bed of coal within a short distance of the works.

Commerce.] The principal exports are lumber, pot and pearl ashes, fish, beef, live cattle, pork and flax seed. The market for the northern part of the state is Portland; for the southeastero,

Portsmouth and Newburyport; for the country on the Merrimack, Boston; for the country on the Connecticut, Hartford and Boston.

Curiosity.] Bellows falls, in Connecticut river, at Walpole, are regarded as a curiosity. The whole descent of the river in the space of 100 rods is 44 feet. There are several pitches, one above another, at the highest of which a large rock divides the stream into two channels, each about 90 feet wide. When the water is low, the eastern channel is dry, being crossed by a bar of solid rock; and the whole stream falls into the western channel, where it is contracted to the breadth of 16 feet, and flows with astonishing force and rapidity. In 1792, at a time of severe drought, the water of the river, it is said, passed within a space 12 feet wide and 2 feet deep. A bridge is built over these falls, under which the highest floods pass without detriment.

Islands.] The isles of Shoals, & in number, lie 11 miles S. E. of Portsmouth. A part of them belong to Maine, and a part to New-Hampshire. They consist of barren rocks and are inhabited by about 100 souls, who subsist by fishing.

VERMONT.

Situation and Extent.] Vermont is bounded N. by Lower Canada; E. by New-Hampshire; S. by Massachusetts; and W. by New-York, from which it is separated in part by lake Champlain. The northern boundary is the parallel of 45° N. lat. The state extends from 42° 44′ to 45° N. lat. and from 71° 38′ to 73° 26' W. lon. It is 157 miles long from N. to S. 90 miles broad on the northern boundary, and 40 on the southern. The area is estimated at 10,212 square miles.

Divisions.] The state is divided into 13 counties.

l'op. in 1820. Chief Towns.

28,457 Brattleborough, Newfane. 38,233 Windsor, Woodstock.

Counties. Pop, in 1810.

1. Windham,

26,760

2. Windsor,

34,877

The five first named counties lie from S. to N. on Connecticut river, and the five next from N. to S. on lake Champlain. Bennington is in the S. W. corner of the state, Washington in the centre, and Orleans on the northern boundary.

Lakes.] Lake Memphremagog, on the northern boundary, is partly in this state, but principally in Canada. It is 30 miles long and discharges itself through St. Francis river into the St. Lawrence. Lake Champlain, on the western boundary, is 128 miles long, from Whitehall, at its southern extremity, to its termination 24 miles north of the Canada line, and from half a mile to 16 miles broad. It discharges itself at its northern extremity through the river Sorelle into the St. Lawrence. There are several large islands in the northern part of the lake, the principal of which are North and South Hero. A battle was fought on this lake on the 11th of September 1814, in which the American fleet, under Commodore Macdonough, gained a complete victory over the British.

Rivers.] The Connecticut forms the eastern boundary. The principal tributaries of the Connecticut, beginning in the south, are, 1. West river, which joins it about 10 miles from the southern boundary; 2. Queechy, which discharges itself 10 miles above Windsor; 3. White river, which discharges itself 5 miles above the Queechy, and 4. The Pasumpsic, which rises a little S. E. of lake Memphremagog, and running south, discharges itself 15 or 20 miles above Newbury.

The principal rivers which fall into lake Champlain, beginning in the north, are, 1. Missisque river, which rises to the S. W. of lake Memphremagog, and runs into Missisque bay in the N. E. part of the lake. 2. La Moil, which rises to the south of lake Memphremagog, and running west falls into the lake 10 miles north of Burlington. 3. Onion river, which rises still farther south, and running nearly parallel with La Moil, passes by Montpelier, and discharges itself into the lake 4 miles N. W. of Burlington village. 4. Otter creek, which rises in the southwestern part of the state, and running in a direction west of north, passes by Rutland, Middlebury and Vergennes, and discharges itself about 20 miles south of Burlington.-None of the rivers of Vermont are navigable, except for a few miles from their mouths; but they abound with valuable mill seats, especially Otter creek. Mountains.] The Green mountains, from which the state derives its name, come from Massachusetts, and run from south to north along the east side of Bennington, Rutland and Addison Counties. In Addison county they divide; the western and principal chain continues a northerly course, and terminates near the northern boundary of the state in a succession of small hills; while the height of land, as it is called, strikes off to the northeast, dividing the waters which fall into the Connecticut from those which fall into, lake Memphremagog and lake Champlain. The western range presents much the loftiest summits, but has openings which afford a passage for Onion and La Moil rivers..