a day, and is the most extensive establishment of the kind in the United States. Here are also 5 tobacco manufactories; a factory for the construction of steam engines, in which about 60 workmen are employed; a soap and candle manufactory, supposed to be the largest in the western country; a sugar refinery; a steam flour mill, and two steam saw mills. The commerce of Louisville and of Shippingport, which lies adjacent, has increased rapidly within a few years. There are now upwards of 25 steam boats, measuring together 6,050 tons, employed in their commerce. The population of Louisville, in 1820, was 4,012.

Shippingport is on the Ohio, 2 miles below Louisville, at the foot of the rapids, on a beautiful plain. It is the natural harbor and landing place for all vessels ascending the Ohio. During three-fourths of the year they of necessity stop here, which they can do with perfect safety, as there is a basin immediately in front of the town, capable of containing any number of vessels, of any burden.

Russellville, the capital of Logan county, is a flourishing town, in the midst of a very fertile country, and contained, in 1820, 1,712 inhabitants. Newport, the capital of Campbell county, is on. the Ohio, immediately above the mouth of Licking river, and opposite Cincinnati. An arsenal has been established here by the United States, with barracks for 2 or 3 regiments of soldiers. Bardstown, the capital of Nelson county, is on a branch of Salt river, 35 miles S. W. of Frankfort. Here is a large Roman Catholic cathedral.

Canal.] The Ohio, at the rapids in Louisville, descends 22 feet in about two miles. Boats ascend, but not without difficulty. The legislature of Kentucky, several years since, incorporated a company for opening a canal around these rapids; and, in 1816, the ground was surveyed, and the expense of a canal for vessels of 30 tons, was estimated at $240,000.

Education.] Transylvania university, in Lexington, was originally incorporated before the separation of Kentucky from Virginia. In 1818, it was re-organized under a board of 13 trustees, who are chosen biennially by the legislature. In 1820, its officers were a president and 8 professors, of whom 4 were medical professors; 3 tutors; 2 assistant tutors, and the principal of the preparatory department. The number of students was 235, of whom 34 were medical students, and 99 in the preparatory department. The library contains about 3,000 volumes, and a considerable sum has been expended in the purchase of a chemical and philosophical apparatus.-A college was established, in 1819, at Danville, 33 miles S. S. W. of Lexington. It has 2 professors. Respectable schools and academies are increasing in the state, the result of individual exertions.

Population and Religion.] The population of the state, in 1790, was 73,677; in 1800, 220,959; in 1810, 406,511; and, in 1820, 564,317; having increased nearly eightfold in 30 years. Of the whole population in 1820, 126,732 were slaves. The principal religious denominations are Baptists, Presbyterians and

Methodists. There are a few Catholics and some Episcopalians. The Catholic bishop resides at Bardstown.

Government.] The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, consisting of a senate and house of representatives. The representatives are chosen for one year and cannot be less than 58 nor more than 100 in number. The senate consists of not less than 24 nor more than 38 members, who hold their office for 4 years, one fourth part being chosen annually. The executive power is vested in a governor, who holds his office for four years, but is ineligible for seven years after the expiration of the time for which he shall have been elected.

Commerce and Manufactures] Hemp, tobacco and wheat are the principal exports. These are carried down the Ohio and Mississippi to New-Orleans, and foreign goods are received from the same place in return. Louisville is the centre of this trade. The principal manufactures are cloth, spirits, cordage, salt, and maple sugar. The value of the manufactures, in 1810, was estimated at $6,181,024.

Curiosity.] In Big Bone valley, about 20 miles S.W. of Newport, larger quantities of huge animal remains have been discovered than in any other part of the United States. It is now more than half a century since these first attracted the attention of European travellers, and so many of the bones have been carried away, that a few fragments only remain to excite the feelings which are naturally produced by a view of this tomb of the mammoths.

OHIO.

Situation and Extent.] Ohio is bounded N. by the Michigan territory and lake Erie; E. by Pennsylvania; S. E. by Virginia; S. by. Kentucky, and W. by Indiana. It extends from 38° 30′ to 42° N. lat. and from 80° 32′ to 84° 50′ W. lon. The area is esti mated at 39,000 square miles.

Divisions.] In 1820 there were 59 counties, and 742 town's

Since 1820, 12 new counties have been formed out of the country recently purchased from the Indians in the N. W. part of the state; viz. Allen, Crawford, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Marion, Mercer, Paulding, Putnam, Seneca, Van Wert and Williams.

Rivers.] The Ohio runs along the whole southern border, a distance of 420 miles, separating the state from Virginia and Ohio.

The principal tributaries of the Ohio, from this state, beginning in the east, are, 1. The Muskingum, which rises in Portage county, near the N E. corner of the state, and running in a southerly direction passes by Coshocton and Zanesville, and discharges itself into the Ohio at Marietta, after a course of 200 miles. Above Coshocton, it bears the name of Tuscarawa river. The navigation is obstructed by falls at Zanesville, but a canal and locks have been commenced around them, which will remove the difficulty. Above Zanesville, the river is navigable for large boats to Coshocton, and for small boats nearly to its source. 2. The Hockhocking, which rises in Fairfield county, and running in a southeasterly direction, discharges itself into the Ohio, at Troy, 25 miles below Marietta, after a course of 80 miles, for 70 of which it is navigable. 3. The Scioto, which rises in Hardin county, and running at first in a southeasterly and afterwards in a southerly direction, passes by Columbus, Circleville and Chillicothe, and discharges itself into the Ohio, at Portsmouth, after a course of 170 miles, for 130 of which it is navigable. 4. The Little Miami, which rises in Madison county, and running in a southwesterly direction, fails into the Ohio. 7 miles above Cincinnati, after a course of 70 miles. It is one of the best mill streams in the state, and 30 or 40 mills are already erected upon it. 5. The Miami or Great Miami, which rises in Hardin county, and running in a S.W. direction, falls into the Ohio, exactly in the southwestern corner of the state, after a course of more than 100 miles. It is difficult of navigation on account of the rapidity of the current, but has numerous mill seats.

The principal rivers which fall into lake Erie, from this state, are, 1. The Maumee, which is formed by the confluence of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers at Fort Wayne, in the N. E. part of Indiana. It runs in a northeasterly direction, and falls into Maumee bay, at the western extremity of lake Erie. At the distance of 18 miles from its mouth, a series of shoals and rapids commences, and continues for 15 miles up the river. 2. Sandusky river, which rises in Crawford county, and running at first in a westerly and afterwards in a northerly direction, discharges itself into Sandusky bay after a course of 80 miles. It is navigable nearly to its source, and in one part of its course approaches within 4 miles of the navigable waters of the Scioto. 3. The Cuyahoga, which rises in Geauga county, in the northeastern part of the state, and discharges itself into lake Erie at Cleveland, after a circuitous course of more than 60 miles.

Face of the Country and Soil.] The interior parts of the state and the country bordering on lake Erie are generally level and

in some places marshy. About one third or one quarter of the state, comprehending the eastern and southeastern part, bordering on the Ohio river, is generally hilly and broken, but not mountainous. Immediately on the banks of the Ohio and of several of its tributaries, are numerous tracts of interval land, of most exuberant fertility. On both sides of the Scioto, and of the Great and Little Miami, are perhaps the most extensive bodies of rich and level land. In many places are extensive prairies, particularly on the head waters of the Muskingum and Scioto, and between the Scioto and the sources of the two Miami rivers. Some of these prairies are low and marshy, and yield spontaneously a large quantity of coarse grass from two to five feet in height; others are elevated, and are frequently called barrens,. not, however, on account of their sterility, for they are often fertile. The height of land which divides the waters of Ohio river from those of lake Erie, is the most marshy tract in the state, while the driest land lies along the margins of the rivers.

acre.

Productions. Wheat is the principal production. From 70 to 100 bushels of corn are said to be frequently produced on an Other kinds of grain and fruits of various sorts are also cultivated. Coal is found in abundance along the Ohio in the eastern part of the state. Salt springs have been discovered and wrought on the Muskingum, a few miles below Zanesville, and in various other places.

ous.

Climate and Diseases.] The climate of Ohio has been commonly considered warmer in the same parallels than that of the Atlantic states. The difference was considered by Mr. Jefferson, as equal to what would result from three degrees of latitude. Observations, however, which have been made at Cincinnati, for a series of years, seem to prove that there is no foundation for this opinion, or, at least, if there be a difference, it cannot equal one third of what has been mentioned. The opinion that the climate on the Ohio is more liable to sudden and extreme changes, and more moist than that of the eastern states is equally erroneThe diseases to which immigrants are most liable, are bilious and typhus fevers. This is especially the case with the natives of New-England and New-York, who in coming here undergo a change of climate greater than they seem generally to anticipate. They should, therefore, endeavor to arrive in the country late in the autumn; and before the ensuing summer place themselves in the most healthy situations which can be found. If they are careful in this respect, and in the heat of summer shun the evening air, and the noon-day sun, and avoid what is denominated a bilious habit, very few will suffer an attack; but without such attention, a seasoning, as it is termed, will probably be experienced the first summer after an arrival from the north. In the second, whether the first be sickly or not, there is but little danger.

Chief Towns.] Cincinnati, the capital of Hamilton county andthe largest town in the state, is situated on the north bank of Ohio river, opposite Newport in Kentucky, and about 20 miles